主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客
十八世纪后半期到十九世纪初的英国经历了一系列深刻的经济与社会冲击,所有这些冲击共同组成了一场自上而下的革命。英伦三岛的外观在这一时期改头换面,英国人的生活方式也发生了激烈变化,他们的生活地点以及他们与世界其他地区的关系更是大不同于过往。好比化学反应一样,这一现象需要多种元素与力量的共同参与。这些元素与力量已经存在了很久,如今突然交汇在了一起。对于诗歌而言影响最大的第一因素在于英国农村的变革。自从古代以来,英国的耕作体制都是开放式农田与公共牧场,土地上没有篱笆或者树篱划分成的格子,由传统社区耕种。共用土地与地皮外延都是常态。自从中世纪以来,一部分土地开始沦为私人财产并且被圈起来,这一现象在都铎时期尤其显著。但是直到十八世纪后半叶,《公有地围圈法》才真正开始激烈转变英国农村的面貌。自古以来的生态系统遭到了驯化与缩减,工业革命则得到了施展拳脚的充裕空间。土地的生产力随即突飞猛进,远比过去更少的农业人口打下了远比过去更多的粮食。
更加精细的轮耕机制,芜菁与苜蓿的引入,犁具与打井机械的改良,高产粮食品种的推广——谁能反对此类进步呢?在1700年到1800年之间,英国小麦、大麦、燕麦以及黑麦的平均亩产量翻了一番。更多的粮食意味着更多的人口,因此英国人口在这一百年间也将近翻了一番。十八世纪初英国人口约为580万人。从历史视角来看这个数字还算正常,与中世纪全盛时期(比方说1350年前后)或者内战开始之前相比相差不大。然后农业革命带来的廉价粮食开始推高人口,在十八世纪末上升到了差一点不到900万人。以今天的标准来看这个数字依然小的很,但是当时的人们肯定感到了极大的不同。
人们感到变化显著的另一大原因在于英国人口的分布也发生了变化。英国境内有多条曲折且利于航行的水道,英国的地下则埋藏着丰富的煤、铁与其他矿产。工业革命最初的势头很不起眼,发生在相对偏远的地点,伦敦方面花了很长时间才注意到这一全新的历史趋势。但是早在十八世纪二十年代,德比就出现了水力纺纱工厂。1712年,托马斯.纽科门在康沃尔发明了常压蒸汽机,之后不久就在黑乡得到应用,用来为当地煤矿排水。1709年,什罗普郡的煤溪谷开始应用以焦炭为燃料的高炉。北汉普顿在1743年建立了动力纺纱工厂。就这样,一项项技术革新相互触发,促成了越来越快的变革。工业化所必需的劳动力离开了日益封闭且面目全非的农村,来到新兴的工厂与城市寻找工作。伦敦、伯明翰、特伦特河畔斯托克、曼城以及格拉斯哥都成为了人口流动的终点站。到了十八世纪中期,工业化已经污染了英国头顶的大片天空,而且依然还在疯狂加速。
更多的粮食,更多的机器,更多的人口,更多的物质财富。与此同时英国强大的海军力量意味着全新的商品从中国、印度以及美洲与加勒比海殖民地源源不断地输入了英国本土。甘蔗为英国人提供了廉价且容易上瘾的卡路里来源,茶叶、咖啡、瓷器与烟草等等充满异域风情的轻奢商品也纷纷前来捧场。就这样,没有得到任何政治家或者政党的刻意领导,没有得到任何哲学家的事先指点,英国人一个猛子就投入了名为资本主义的人类行为全球变革当中。
这一过程的感觉怎么样呢?普通英国人对此有什么想法呢?一切变革都会带来威胁,这一次的变革尤其威胁到了千百万人。在农村,古老的生活方式行将告终。在城市,全新的贫民阶层日益膨胀。科技进步带来了全新的工作岗位,然后这些岗位又会在一夜之间悉数消失。尽管全新的奢侈品与财富正在源源不断地注入英国社会,空气当中依然飘荡着革命的危险气息。别忘了,最早提出“天赋人权”这句政治口号的人既不是北美革命者也不是法国雅各宾派,而是家住英格兰的托马斯.潘恩。对于威斯敏斯特与皇家法院的政治精英们来说,新近风靡一时的所谓“民主”理念简直是最为可怖的威胁,一旦应对失当就会导致人头滚滚落长街的血腥局面。
不过对于许多诗人来说,尤其是对于那些英国文学史上最显赫的局外人们来说,这股变革的狂风绝对令人精神振奋。话说至此我们肯定会想起年轻的华兹华斯——尽管到了晚年他会蜕变成一名坏脾气的托利党——革命精神洋溢的雪莱,以及性情激动的青年济慈。事实上这一时期绝不仅仅只有这三位诗人擅长炽烈尖锐的文笔,英国文坛的激进转向也发生在华兹华斯倾心于法国革命风潮之前。头脑火热且缺乏耐心的变革呼声可以追溯到几十年前的基督教废奴文学。在本章当中,笔者打算开拓一下讨论范围,研究一下所谓的英国革命派。
我们首先来看一下最和善且最迷人的一位革命派诗人。威廉.布莱克早在孩提时分就在幻觉当中见到了上帝的面容,毕生当中还屡次见过天使显灵的异象——有一次天使显灵之际他恰好正与妻子在自家花园里裸体对坐坦诚相见。他是许多英国激进派的友人,终其一生都在反对工业化与压迫。从小到大他都是个敏感且激情四溢的人,而且始终在思考一个高于一切的问题:除了单纯的白描与记录之外,艺术家还应当怎样应对一个飞速变化的世界呢?更进一步,倘若这位艺术家已经无法像乔治.赫伯特与约翰.弥尔顿那样依靠传统的诗歌与宗教工具来进行创作,又该怎么办呢?布莱克是蚀刻师与画匠出身,没有接受过当时的精英教育。他对这个问题的回答是创建了一套属于自己的宇宙学体系。他排斥了牛顿的科学与洛克的理性,转而投向了五光十色令人目眩的个人愿景。布莱克认为人类的先祖是一位名叫阿尔比恩的原人,此人分裂成了四种相互敌对的道德个性。他从弥尔顿、圣经以及他本人所理解的英国古代神话与德鲁伊信仰当中广泛取材,创作了一批隐喻复杂的诗歌,时至今日依然没能得到彻底的理解与解读。或许这些诗歌本来就不该得到彻底理解。
布莱克不仅创作了许多英语文学当中情感最激烈、内涵最丰富的诗歌,还留下了许多栩栩如生的异象诗,后者对一般读者的吸引力要小得多,但是的确很值得细细品味。这其中水准最高的一首是1793年的《阿尔比恩女儿们的梦幻》(Visions of the Daughters of Albion),诗中的女主角奥松刚刚出场不久就惨遭强奸。这首诗对于美洲寄予厚望,认为新大陆或许能成为自由的源泉,帮助人们摆脱英国社会的虚伪、残忍与贪婪。此外这首诗很可能还受到了此前一年英国女权先锋玛莉.渥斯顿克雷福特发表的《女权的辩护》一文的影响。只要瞥一眼这首诗就能清楚看到布莱克多么厌恶他所处的时代,从儿童教育的方式到生活各方面的商业化再到乡间生活的面目全非。教士与地主一个个捞得脑满肠肥,榨取得全都是农民血汗:
Does not the great mouth laugh at a gift, and the narrow eyelids mock
At the labour that is above payment? And wilt thou take the ape
For thy counsellor, or the dog for a schoolmaster to thy children?
Does he who contemns poverty, and he who turns with abhorrence
From usury feel the same passion, or are they movèd alike?
How can the giver of gifts experience the delights of the merchant?
How the industrious citizen the pains of the husbandman?
How different far the fat fed hireling with hollow drum,
Who buys whole corn-fields into wastes, and sings upon the heath!
How different their eye and ear! How different the world to them!
With what sense does the parson claim the labour of the farmer?
What are his nets and gins and traps; and how does he surround him
With cold floods of abstraction, and with forests of solitude,
To build him castle and high spires, where kings and priests may dwell;
你没看见巨大的嘴在为礼物而笑?狭隘的眼睑
在嘲笑超然于报酬的劳动?难道你会用猿
作你的顾问?请狗作你孩子的教师?
那谴责贫困之人,与厌恶地弃绝
高利贷的人可会感受相同,或者行动一致?
礼物的给予者怎能体验到商人的快乐?
勤劳的市民怎能体验到农民的痛苦?
被豢养肥胖的狗腿子们敲着空洞的大鼓
他买下整片小麦地使之荒芜,又在荒野上歌唱;
他们的眼与耳何等地不同,世界对于他们多么地两样!
牧师索取农夫的劳动时心中是什么感觉?
他用什么作罗网、圈套和陷阱?他怎样用
抽象的冰冷洪流围住自己,怎样用孤寂之林
为自已建造国王和神父享用的城堡和高塔?【张炽恒译,有修改】
诗中的另一个主要批判对象是宗教虚伪与性观念压抑,女性在这方面受害尤其严重。布莱克相信,盛行于他这个时代的英国的男女关系范式看似规矩,其实却只会滋生淫欲并且败坏真爱,而且婚姻制度还会将此等扭曲变态传递给英国的下一代:
Must chilling, murderous thoughts obscure
The clear heaven of her eternal spring; to bear the wintry rage
Of a harsh terror, driv’n to madness, bound to hold a rod
Over her shrinking shoulders all the day, and all the night
To turn the wheel of false desire, and longings that wake her womb
To the abhorrèd birth of cherubs in the human form,
That live a pestilence and die a meteor, and are no more;
Till the child dwell with one he hates, and do the deed he loathes,
And the impure scourge force his seed into its unripe birth,
Ere yet his eyelids can behold the arrows of the day?
难道令人心寒的凶杀之念,定要
遮蔽她那永恒之春的明净天空;为了承受令人发狂的
严酷而恐怖的冬日风暴,定要整天把棍棒
高举在她绻缩的身体上方,定要整夜地
转动虚假欲望之轮,转动那唤醒她子宫的渴望的轮子,
使她将可怖的基路伯塞进人形生产出来,
这婴孩生如瘟疫,死若流星,归于寂灭;
他与自己所恨的人同居,违心地行事,
不洁的鞭子迫使他的种子化作死胎,
而他的眼睑还来不及看见晨光之箭?【张炽恒译,有修改】
这首诗的结尾华丽地否定了“事物的现状”并且主张了人类生命的美丽与神圣。这一主题是一切布莱克作品的根本基调。这段文字蕴含的活力与激情足以与弥尔顿相媲美:
Does the sun walk, in glorious raiment, on the secret floor
Where the cold miser spreads his gold; or does the bright cloud drop
On his stone threshold? Does his eye behold the beam that brings
Expansion to the eye of pity; or will he bind himself
Beside the ox to thy hard furrow? Does not that mild beam blot
The bat, the owl, the glowing tiger, and the king of night?
The sea-fowl takes the wintry blast for a cov’ring to her limbs,
And the wild snake the pestilence to adorn him with gems and gold;
And trees, and birds, and men behold their eternal joy.
Arise, you little glancing wings, and sing your infant joy!
Arise, and drink your bliss, for everything that lives is holy!
难道太阳穿着辉煌的服装漫步在隐秘的地板上,
看冷情的吝啬鬼撒着金币;难道灿烂的云霞
漫游在他的石头门槛上?难道他的眼睛能看见
给怜悯之眼开拓眼界的光线;难道那柔光未曾
点染蝙蝠、猫头鹰、神采奕奕的虎和夜之王?
海鸭避入寒冷的疾风来遮盖自己的身体;
凶野的蛇避入瘟疫中,用黄金和宝石来打扮自己;
树木、禽、兽和人,看到自己永恒的欢愉。
升起吧,你小小的闪亮的翅膀,歌唱你童稚的欢乐!
升起吧,畅饮你的狂喜,一切生物皆神圣!【张炽恒译】
布莱克真正赖以成名的作品是短诗,不过与他笔下更难读的叙事长诗相比,这些短诗就好比零切碎割的边角料,尽管同样熠熠生辉。短诗当中包含着格局较小但同样能量充沛的道德宇宙,不过这些诗歌类似于某种宣传品,刻意要让读者心神不宁。以下诗文题为《一棵毒树》(A Poison Tree):
I was angry with my friend;
I told my wrath, my wrath did end.
I was angry with my foe:
I told it not, my wrath did grow.
我对朋友有怨气,
我发雷霆,但事后平息。
我对仇人很愤怒,
我闷心中,则成树一株。
And I watered it in fears,
Night and morning with my tears:
And I sunned it with smiles,
And with soft deceitful wiles.
然后我就起早贪黑,
带着恐怖给它浇泪水,
接着用微笑当日光,
再施一些花招和伎俩。
And it grew both day and night.
Till it bore an apple bright.
And my foe beheld it shine,
And he knew that it was mine.
它日日夜夜在长高,
一颗金苹果挂上了枝梢。
我的仇人贼眼盯着它闪烁,
他知道那苹果属于我。
And into my garden stole,
When the night had veiled the pole;
In the morning glad I see;
My foe outstretched beneath the tree.
伸手不见五指之夜晚,
他悄悄溜进了我的果园。
大清早我得意地看到,
仇人躺树下僵直了手脚。【木草堂网友译】
类似的例子还能找出一大堆,但是有两首布莱克的诗歌尤其以最不同寻常的方式钻进了英国人的集体意识深处。第一首自然是《老虎》(The Tyger)。这首诗在自然选择理念刚刚开始酝酿时问世,通篇洋溢着对于造物神工的惊叹。另一方面,诗人也对同一位造物主同时创造了残忍与辉煌而感到大惑不解。《老虎》出自《天真与经验之歌》这部诗集,而天真与经验在这个堕落的世界当中历来难解难分:
TIGER! Tiger! burning bright
In the forests of the night
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
老虎!老虎!辉煌灿烂,
烧穿了深夜的林莽黑暗,
怎样超凡的神通手眼
造就了你这身可怕的矫健?
In what distant deeps or skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand dare seize the fire?
怎样遥远的深海高天
烧出了你眼中的烈焰?
插什么翅膀祂竟敢凌空?
凭什么手段抓一把火种?
And what shoulder and what art
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And when thy heart began to beat
What dread hand and what dread feet?
怎样的臂膀,怎样的锻炼,
竟能为你拧出一股股心腱?
等到你的心脏开始蹦跳,
怎样骇人的手,怎样骇人的脚?
What the hammer? what the chain?
In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? What dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp?
怎样的铁链?怎样的铁锤?
怎样的洪炉锻打出你的脑髓?
怎样的铁砧?怎样的铁臂?
竟敢攥住这致命的恐怖伟力?
When the stars threw down their spears
And water'd heaven with their tears
Did He smile His work to see?
Did He who made the lamb make thee?
待到群星纷纷掷下金枪,
千万滴泪水洒遍了穹苍,
大功告成之际,祂可曾会心一笑?
莫非那造了羔羊的竟也将你创造?
Tiger! Tiger! burning bright
In the forests of the night
What immortal hand or eye
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?
老虎!老虎!辉煌灿烂,
烧穿了深夜的林莽黑暗,
怎样超凡的神通手眼
造就了你这身可怕的矫健?【卞之琳、郭沫若等译】
第二首诗自然是《耶路撒冷》(Jerusalem)。这首诗是诗人讨伐工业化与道德腐败的檄文。搞笑的是,通过后世女性投票权活动家们的传唱,这首诗不知怎的就成为了英国保守派的非官方主题歌。布莱克在天有灵,肯定会对这一结果感到既可笑又骇然。这首诗的本意是针砭时弊,是针对社会现状的讨伐而非颂扬:
And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen?
且问那些远古时代的步履
可曾踩踏英格兰山脉间的葱绿?
且问谁曾目睹至圣的耶稣
在英格兰这片令人愉快的牧地?
And did the Countenance Divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among these dark Satanic mills?
且问那圣者之容光
可曾照耀我们的阴霾山巅?
且问耶路撒冷可曾建于此
在暗黑的撒旦磨坊之间?
Bring me my bow of burning gold:
Bring me my arrows of desire:
Bring me my spear: O clouds unfold!
Bring me my chariot of fire.
拿来我的熔金之弓,
拿来我的欲望之箭,
拿来我的矛:噢,乌云尽散!
拿来我的战车散播烈焰。
I will not cease from mental fight,
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Till we have built Jerusalem
In England's green and pleasant land.
我不会停歇这意念之战,
掌中宝剑亦不会休眠,
在我们将耶路撒冷建成于在
葱绿惬意的英格兰土地之前。【苑眉网友译,有修改】
主要存在四个族群,至于如何分组学界一直争执不休,前两个族群的语言已经灭绝。
高卢语:及分支南阿尔卑高卢语,加拉提亚语等,古时候遍布从法国到土耳其,从荷兰到意大利北部的广大地区。
凯尔特伊比利亚语:曾在阿拉贡和西班牙的其他地区使用。
盖尔亚支:包括爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语等。
布立吞亚支:包括威尔士语、布列塔尼语等。
威廉.布莱克的确是扭转十八世纪英国诗歌发展路线的伟大革命艺术家之一,但是像他一样满腔怒火的诗人还有很多。这些人或许比布莱克更传统,但是笔锋却与他一样直接,比方说以“彼得.品达”为笔名,生性好斗且下巴硕大的讽刺诗人约翰.威尔科特。在他的《皇家巡游》(The Royal Tour)一诗中,威尔科特毫不留情地描绘了乔治三世国王的丑态,就连国王的口吃毛病都没放过。在维茅斯的海滨,国王与王后遇到了一位没有腿的乞丐,此人曾经是皇家海军的一名水手:
A Sailor pops upon the Royal Pair,
On crutches borne, an object of despair :
His squalid beard, pale cheek, and haggard eye,
Though silent, pour for help a piercing cry.
一名水手在御驾面前露头,
腋下夹着双拐,满脸尽是哀愁:
胡子肮脏,脸颊苍白,眼窝深陷,
虽然沉默,却在将求救声尖利呼唤。
“Who, who are you? What, what? hae, what are you?”
"A man, my Liege, whom kindness never knew."
"A sailor, sailor, hae? you've lost a leg."
"I know it, Sire; which forces me to beg.
I've nine poor children, Sir, besides a wife ;
God bless them ! the sole comforts of my life."
“你、你、你是谁?想、想、想干什么?”
“是个苦命人,陛下,人间的善意我从没尝过。”
“你是个水、水、水手?哈?看你少了腿脚。”
“诚然如此,陛下,因此我只得上街乞讨。
我有九个子女,陛下,还有一个老婆;
上帝保佑他们!离了他们我也不想活。”
“Wife and nine children, hae? all, all alive?
No, no, no wonder that you cannot thrive.
Shame, shame, to fill your hut with such a train!
Shame to get brats for others to maintain!
Get, get a wooden leg, or one of cork:
Wood's cheapest; yes, get wood, and go to work.
But mind, mind, Sailor; hae, hae, he? hear, hear :
Don't go to Windsor, mind, and cut one there:
That's dangerous, dangerous ; there I place my traps ;
Fine things, fine things, for legs of thieoing chaps.
Best traps, my traps: take care; they bite, they bite,
And sometimes catch a doxen legs a night.”
“一个老婆九个娃?哈?还都、都、都活着?
难、难、难怪你这日子没法过。
丢、丢、丢人啊,生这么多还不是你的错!
自己下的崽还好意思让别人去养活!
找,找,找条木腿,软木就不错,
那玩意最便宜;然后赶紧去工作。
但是小、小、小心点水手,你可要踢、踢、踢——听好:
可别去温莎森林将木材寻找。
那里危、危、危险,我将捕兽夹布置在林地,
专攻窃贼的双腿,多么精、精、精密。
最好的夹子,我的夹子;它们满嘴尖、尖、尖牙,
有时一晚上就能把十几条腿留下。”
水手解释道自己身无分文,买不起假肢,而且他是在忠君卫国的战场上丢掉了腿,但是国王对此无动于衷:
“How, Sailor, did you lose your leg? hae, hae?"
“I lost it, please your Majesty, at sea,
Hard fighting for my Country and my King.”
“Hae, what? that's comon, very common thing.
Hae! lucky fellow, that you were not drill'd:
Some lose their heads, and many men are kill'd.
......
Must not encourage vagrants; no, no, no :
Must not make laws, my lad, and break 'em too.
Where, where's your parish, hae ? and where's your pass?
Well, make haste home: I've got, I've got no brass.”
“水手,你如何丢了腿?咦?咦?”
“我这条腿是为了报效君王,在海上失去,
为了国家与国王,我也曾英勇奋战。”
“哦,然后呢?这事又不算稀、稀、稀罕。
哈,你运气不错,不要太不知足:
多少人丢了性命,多少人掉了头颅。
……
不能纵容流浪汉,不,不,不。
既然制定了法律,就不能不管不顾。
你的教区在哪里?啊?你从哪里来?
立刻回家去;别找我施、施、施舍钱财。”
这段诗文的犀利程度足以与二十世纪的任何反战诗歌相提并论,也比今天的当代诗歌更加大胆露骨。但是即便像威尔科特这样的激进派也越发不乐意在明面上支持海峡对面法国大革命的恐怖局面。他在《断头台礼赞》(Hymn To The Guillotine)一诗当中反话正说地表明了自己的立场:
Daughter of Liberty! whose knife
So busy chops the threads of life,
And frees from cumbrous clay the spirit;
Ah! why alone shall Gallia feel
The beauties of thy pond'rous steel?
Why must not Britain mark thy merit?
自由的女儿!你手提宝剑
终日忙着将生命的线绳斩断,
让精神从肉体泥胎当中解脱,
为何只有高卢才有幸领教
你的千钧钢刀多么美妙?
英国为什么不能把你的事迹述说?
Hark! 'tis the dungeon's groan I hear;
And lo, a squalid band appear,
With sallow cheek, and hollow eye!
Unwilling, lo, the neck they bend;
Yet, through thy pow'r, their terrors end,
And with their heads the sorrows fly.
听!地牢里传来阵阵呻吟;
看!肮脏的死囚列队走出牢门,
看他们两腮蜡黄,眼窝深陷!
他们不情不愿,只顾低头看地,
你的力量即将终结他们的恐惧,
让他们与脑袋和忧愁说再见。
O let us view thy lofty grace;
To Britons shew thy blushing face,
And bless Rebellion's life-tir'd train!
Joy to my soul! she's on her way,
Led by her dearest friends, Dismay,
Death, and the Devil, and Tom Paine!
啊,请让我们一睹你的万丈光芒;
向英国人彰显你的鲜红面庞,
祝福叛逆者的厌世列阵!
我灵魂的喜乐!她正在往英国赶,
头前开路的是她的挚友凄惨,
死亡,魔鬼,还有托马斯.潘恩!
潘恩与威廉.布莱克其实颇有私交,而且也受到了英国激进派的广泛追捧。他的思想与著作成为了美国与法国两场大革命的催化剂,也被许多穷极思变的英国人视为至宝。约瑟夫.马瑟是一名谢菲尔德的产业工人,生在声名悦耳的吐泻巷。他是一名卫理会信徒,平日爱好作词谱曲。此人将《天佑吾王》的歌词加以修改,当成了献给潘恩的赞歌:
God save great Thomas Paine,
His ‘Rights of Man’ explain
To every soul.
He makes the blind to see
What dupes and slaves they be,
And points out liberty,
From pole to pole.
天佑托马斯.潘恩,
天赋人权令人
心明眼亮。
他让盲人看见
他们为奴受骗,
要让自由传遍
大地四方。
Thousands cry ‘Church and King’
That well deserve to swing,
All must allow:
Birmingham blush for shame,
Manchester do the same,
Infamous is your name,
Patriots vow.
说甚“教会君王”
话说得多漂亮,
活该嫌弃:
伯明翰无地自容,
曼彻斯特脸通红,
你的称号恶名隆:
爱国主义。
Pull proud oppressors down,
Knock off each tyrant's crown,
And break his sword;
Down aristocracy,
Set up democracy,
And from hyprocrisy
Save us good Lord.
压迫者要打倒,
暴君王冠敲掉,
宝剑折断;
要推翻大贵族,
建立民主制度,
驱散虚伪迷雾,
上帝明鉴。
Why should despotic pride
Usurp on every side?
Let us be free:
Grant Freedom's arms success,
And all her efforts bless,
Plant through the universe
Liberty's Tree.
骄傲暴君因何
四处布下网罗?
莫受束缚:
愿自由常得胜,
凡事都能成功,
普天下尽栽种
自由之树。
Facts are seditious things
When they touch courts and kings,
Armies are raised,
Barracks and bastilles built,
Innocence charged with guilt,
Blood most unjustly spilt,
Gods stand amazed.
事实多么可怕,
君王一旦觉察,
燃起烽烟,
建工事把营扎,
无辜者被残杀,
不义鲜血泼洒,
害理伤天。
Despots may howl and yell,
Though they're in league with hell
They'll not reign long;
Satan may lead the van,
And do the worst he can,
Paine and his ‘Rights of Man’
Shall be my song.
暴君歇斯底里,
早晚要下地狱,
统治不长;
纵然魔鬼在前,
将恶事都干完,
潘恩与“天赋人权”
我定弘扬。
身为产业工人的马瑟亲眼见证了工业革命早期阶段怎样用人命换发展,因此很有理由怒火中烧。他的另一首反自然诗歌直接将自己的家乡称作“乌黑的谢菲尔德”:
Where slowly down the vale a river runs,
Of dark complexion like its crooked sons;
In a fair country, stands a filthy town,
By bugs and butchers held in high renown;
Sheffield the Black - in ugliness supreme;
Yet ugly Sheffield is my dirty theme.
一条河流在山谷里流淌缓慢,
比起曲折支流脸色同样黑暗;
这国家虽美,这城镇却稀烂,
虫子与屠夫都将这里交口称赞;
乌黑的谢菲尔德——丑陋天下无双,
特此献上脏歌一曲,为了丑陋的家乡。
Ah, luckless he, who in unhappy hour
Is doomed to walk our streets beneath the shower,
No friendly spout from the projecting paves,
The copious tribute of the clouds receives,
But headlong from the roof, in sooty showers,
Prone on the hapless passenger it pours.
While on our moonless evenings, dark and damp,
Imprudent thrift denies the public lamp
And many a dunghill graces many a street.
倒霉的家伙,实在太不幸,
要在雨中的本地街道行进。
突出的屋檐,汇聚恶意的水柱,
来自漫天乌云的慷慨礼物,
裹挟着屋顶上的层层煤灰
灌注在行人头顶,多么悲催。
没有月亮的夜晚又黑又潮,
节俭的当局不肯将路灯点着,
多少粪堆点缀在多少街头。
Whole streams of rubbish and whole seas of mud;
With turnip tops, potato peelings join,
And to their cast garments, peas and beans combine,
Providing pigs and ducks with goodly cheer;
To pigs and ducks our streets are ever dear,
May no audacious scavenger presume to wield the rake, the shovel or the broom
河一样的垃圾,海一样的烂泥,
撒一层芜菁叶子,加一把土豆皮。
大豆小豆的豆荚也赶来搅局。
猪猡与鸭子都觉得这些街道很好,
猪猡与鸭子都能在街头吃饱。
惟愿没有莽撞的拾荒者前来挥耙抡铲使扫帚。
今天的读者往往更习惯借助狄更斯、恩格斯以及其他维多利亚时代作家的视角来观察英国工业革命早期的人间地狱,但是这幅地狱惨状早在十八世纪末就已经有目共睹了。鞋匠兼教师詹姆斯.伍德豪斯在《科里品纳斯.斯克里布勒斯的生平与钻研》(The Life and Lucubrations of Crispinus Scriblerus)当中对于伯明翰与胡弗汉顿描写就十分栩栩如生:
IN parts, through prospects scattered far and near,
Pale-glowing gleams and fickering flames appear,
Like new volcanoes mid deep darkness nursed,
From cooking coals in ruddy brilliance burst;
While smoky curls in thickening columns rise,
Obscure the landscapes and involve the skies.
Still, as the sanguine blaze, beneath, ascends,
And deepening blushes with heav'n's vapours blends,
Diffusing all around red, lurid light,
And paint in part the negro-cheeks of Night,
Deep, sullen sounds through all the region roll,
Shocking with groans and sighs each shuddering soul!
放眼看去,在或远或近的各处场所
全都是苍白的微光与跳动的炉火,
恰似新生的火山在黑暗深处蕴藏,
生火做饭的煤块发出赤红的光芒;
浓密的烟柱蜿蜒着向上攀升,
模糊了地面景色,遮蔽了天空。
血色的火光从下向上升起,
滚滚浓烟与云朵混在一起,
反射了落日的艳红光芒,
照亮了夜幕的黑色脸庞。
深沉阴郁的声音传遍了这片土地,
多少颤抖的灵魂正在唉声叹气!
像这样描写城市景物的文字在当时并不少见,不过接下来伍德豪斯还进一步绘声绘色地描写了蒸汽机运作的场景:
Here clanking engines vomit scalding streams,
And belch vast volumes of attendant steams,
There thundering forges, with pulsations loud
Alternate striking, pierce the pendant cloud;
While to these distant hills, respiring slow,
Furnaces' iron lungs loud-breathing blow,
Breaking abrupt on Superstition's ear,
And shrink the shuddering frame with shivering fear:
Obtruding on the heart, each heaving breath,
Some vengeful fiend, grim delegate of Death!
铿锵的蒸汽机呕吐出滚烫水流,
打个饱嗝又喷出大团白雾浓稠,
雷鸣般的锤炼,悸动的震耳欲聋,
此起彼伏的锻打声刺破头顶云层;
在遥远的群山间,缓慢的喘息,
熔炉的铁肺响亮地吸气呼气。
骤然发作的声响,迷信的耳朵不得不听,
吓得他们蜷缩颤抖,止不住胆战心惊。
侵入他们的心房,每一声粗重的喘息,
恶毒的恶魔,死亡的铁面先驱!
以上诗文或许并不算多么精致优美,但是倘若没有这些来自工业革命第一线的报道,我们很难充分理解威廉.布莱克究竟在反对什么。当然,并非每一位新兴工业城市的居民都对工业化感到骇然,许多人都创作了颂扬工业化的作品。詹姆斯.比塞特来自苏格兰的珀斯,十三岁那年来到伯明翰,成为了一名搪瓷制品画师。他挣了不少钱,多年后买下了一栋大屋,还开设了伯明翰第一座美术馆。他的长诗《众神游历伯明翰》(Ramble of the Gods Through Birmingham)极力铺陈了这座城市的活力与财富:
THEY visited our WHARFS, and, wond' ring, found
Some thousand tons of COAL piled on the ground,
And scores of boats, in length full sixty feet,
With loads of mineral fuel, quite replete;
Whilst carts, and country wagons, fill'd each space,
And loaded teams stood rang' d around the place.
The GODS behold the whole with great surprise,
And ask'd,‘from whence we gain'd such large supplies?'
祂们拜访了码头,一个个啧啧称奇,
上千吨的煤堆占满了这里的地皮;
六十英尺长的大船足有几十条,
每一条都装载满了矿石燃料;
马车与乡下牛车多么拥挤,
满载的车队包围了这里。
见此情景,众神都十分意外,
“这么多物资究竟从何处来?”
各位神祇接下来参观了化工厂、别针厂、纽扣厂、枪械厂、腰带扣厂以及玩具厂。与激进派不同,比塞特很乐意见到女工与童工在工厂里辛勤劳动,在他看来这一幕很能振奋精神:
Inventions curious, various kinds of toys,
Then occupied the time of men and boys,
And blooming girls at work were often seen,
That twice their ages joined was scarce fifteen,
Sent by their parents out their bread to seek,
Who'd earn, perhaps, some shillings in a week;
And many women, too, you then might see,
With children on the lap, or round the knee,
An honest livelihood intent to gain,
And their sweet infant race help to maintain.
Charmed with the sight, the Gods the whole reviewed,
And seemed with admiration quite subdued.
新奇的发明与各种玩具,
将男子与男童的时间占据,
常能见到幼女在此打工卖力,
岁数翻一倍也不过十四五的年纪。
父母打发她们来到这里自食其力,
每周她们或许能将若干先令拿去;
在这里你还能见到许多妇女,
孩子们守在身边,或者躺在她们怀里。
她们在这里挣一份正经生计,
将怀中甜美婴儿的生机延续。
众神将工厂情景看了个饱足,
一个个充满敬佩,无不心悦诚服。
今天的读者们生活在一个将童工二字视作洪水猛兽的社会,因此以上诗文肯定会令他们大为惊骇,尤其是因为写下这段文字的诗人显然具备敏锐的观察力,并不是什么糊涂蛋。布莱克的观点自然与比塞特大相径庭。他在著名诗作《扫烟囱的男孩》当中悲叹了未成年烟囱清洁工的命运。来自北汉普顿郡的玛丽.阿尔科克也写过同样主题的诗文,题为《烟囱工的申诉》(The Chimney-Sweeper's Complaint):
A chimney-sweeper's boy am I:
Pity my wretched fate!
Ah, turn your eyes; 'twoud draw a tear,
Knew you my helpless state.
我是个通烟囱工的学徒:
可怜我悲惨的命运!
啊,转过脸去流下泪水,
你可知我无助境遇。
Far from my home, no parents I
Am ever doomed to see;
My master, should I sue to him,
He'd flog the skin from me.
远离我的家,我的父母
再也无缘与我相见;
我的师父,若我胆敢央求,
定要抽得我皮开肉绽。
Ah, dearest madam, dearest sir,
Have pity on my youth;
Though black, and covered o'er with rags,
I tell you naught but truth.
各位亲爱的太太先生,
请可怜我的年幼;
尽管满面黝黑,衣衫破烂,
我的话却绝无虚构。
My feeble limbs, benumbed with cold,
Totter beneath the sack,
Which ere the morning dawn appears
Is loaded on my back.
我四肢纤细,在冷风中麻木,
在麻袋底下摇摇晃晃,
每天早晨曙光未显之前
麻袋就要压在我的背上。
My legs you see are burnt and bruised,
My feet are galled by stones,
My flesh for lack of food is gone,
I'm little else but bones.
我的双腿尽是烧伤瘀伤,
我的双脚被石头划破,
饥饿消磨了我的血肉,
除了骨头就不剩什么。
Yet still my master makes me work,
Not spares me day or night;
His 'prentice boy he says I am,
And he will have his right.
可是师父还要逼我干活
没日没夜不得休息;
他说我是他的学徒,
他非要让我使尽力气。
'Up to the highest top', he cries,
'There all out chimney-sweep!'
With panting heart and weeping eyes,
Trembling I upwards creep.
“爬到最高处!”他吼道,
“快上去将烟囱打扫!”
心跳加快,两眼流泪,
我哆嗦着挪动手脚。
But stop! no more -- I see him come;
Kind sir, remember me!
Oh, could I hide me underground,
How thankful should I be!
可是不能再写了——我看见他过来;
好先生,千万别把我忘记!
啊,要是我能在地底下藏身,
那可多么谢天谢地!
这一时期有不少主要诗人都在竭力应对政治自由以及农村与城市生活飞速变化的黑暗面。有趣的是,他们当中最为今天的读者们津津乐道的两位都是农民出身。在埃尔郡,罗伯特.彭斯发现了针砭时弊与宣扬他本人的充实性生活的全新方式;向南几百英里,或许是英国诗歌史上最纯粹的乡村诗人约翰.克莱尔最终将会发疯——或许是受到了身边生活一日千里的飞速变化的逼迫。
多年以来,人们围绕罗伯特.彭斯这个名字养成了一套全年到头的狂欢式崇拜,刻意强调他笔下最感伤的几首诗歌以及他对“姑娘们”的眷恋。这一风气极大地扭曲了彭斯的原本形象。真正的彭斯是一位心志坚定的激进派,他笔下最杰出的作品戳破了联盟之后苏格兰长老会社会的虚伪风气,而且就像布莱克那样竭力为“底层败犬”们代言。正如华兹华斯与济慈这样的仰慕者们理解的那样,彭斯是第一流的英语诗人。但是由于他毕生坚持只用苏格兰方言作诗,今天的英语读者们每每会觉得与他隔了一层。彭斯之所以如此坚持的原因其实很简单:正如他本人所主张的那样,他用苏格兰方言写作更加得心应手。他更愿意努力发掘苏格兰老百姓口中丰富而又重口的坊间土语,而不是跟在伦敦的文坛时尚后面亦步亦趋。这一决定一方面使他独树一帜,没有沦为又一位浪漫主义时代前期蹩脚诗人,另一方面也使得在苏格兰以外成长起来的读者们难以理解他的作品的精妙之处。因此我们今天更熟悉彭斯的短诗而不是长诗,尽管例如《佃农的星期六晚》(The Cotter's Saturday Night)与《汤姆.奥桑特》(Tam O’Shanter)这样的作品的确堪称传世名篇。以下的选段来自后者的开篇部分,从中我们可以发现一项事实:古往今来的酒汉们都喜欢在热情的酒馆里扎堆,而他们的老婆们也总会气哼哼地在家里等他们回来:
When chapman billies leave the street,
And drouthy neebors neebors meet,
As market-days are wearing late,
And folk begin to tak the gate;
While we sit bousin, at the nappy,
And gettin fou and unco happy,
We think na on the lang Scots miles,
The mosses, waters, slaps, and stiles,
That lie between us and our hame,
Whare sits our sulky, sullen dame,
Gathering her brows like gathering storm,
Nursing her wrath to keep it warm.
小贩们收摊离开街道,
贪杯的邻居碰上了同好,
赶集的人渐渐走散,
天色不早,都把路来赶;
这时候,我们捧一杯啤酒,
开怀痛饮,无虑无忧,
忘了苏格兰的里程特别长,
还有沼泽、水塘、山坡、断墙,
隔在酒店和老家之间,
老家门后守着老婆的铁青脸,
阴沉得象暴风雨就要来到,
她暂按心头火,只待发作大开炮!
This truth fand honest Tam o' Shanter,
As he frae Ayr ae night did canter:
(Auld Ayr, wham ne'er a town surpasses,
For honest men and bonie lasses.)
汤姆刚从艾尔镇半夜骑驴上归途,
这事他心里已有数。
(古老的艾尔镇别处哪能比,
出好人、出美女天下第一!)
O Tam! had'st thou but been sae wise
As taen thy ain wife Kate's advice!
She tauld thee weel thou was a skellum,
A bletherin, blusterin, drunken blellum;
That frae November till October,
Ae market-day thou was na sober;
呵,汤姆,如果你聪明一点,
就该听了你老婆凯蒂的金玉良言!
她早说你是二流子不干正经,
只一味贪杯、吹牛、打扰四邻,
从正月到除夕整整一年长,
哪一天你赶集不灌黄汤?【王佐良译】
就像许多同代人一样,彭斯在壮年时期见证了法国大革命的爆发,并且在毕生当中受到了两股思潮的来回拉扯,其一是爱国主义,其二则是对于自由的渴望。不过对于他来说还另有一个必须思考的问题:所谓爱国主义究竟爱的是哪个国,究竟是新兴汉诺威王朝治下的大不列颠,还是多比亚斯.斯摩莱特尽情哀悼过的那个战败残破、与詹姆斯二世党人站在同一边的苏格兰?彭斯在人生的不同阶段也曾给出过不同的答案。另一方面,彭斯从始至终都与穷人们感同身受,对于饱食终日自以为是的富裕阶层则一贯充满了厌恶。下面这首《威利长老的祷词》(Holy Willie's Prayer)堪称是彭斯讽刺诗歌的典范。诗中的主人公是一位言清行浊的长老会牧师,此人一方面信奉上帝预先已经决定了谁能得救的主张,另一方面又满嘴流油地对上帝大加奉承。这首诗的题材与风格在英国诗歌史上可谓绝无仅有,因此笔者毫无愧疚之心地将整首诗都收录在了这里:
O Thou, that in the heavens does dwell,
As it pleases best Thysel',
Sends ane to Heaven an' ten to Hell,
For Thy glory,
And no for onie guid or ill
They've done afore Thee!
主呵,我主坐镇在天上,
凡事随心所欲,
叫一人上天堂,十人下地狱,
都只为主的荣光,
与他们自身无关:作恶,行善,
全不相干。
I bless and praise Thy matchless might,
When thousands Thou hast left in night,
That I am here afore Thy sight,
For gifts an' grace
A burning and a shining light
To a' this place.
我赞美主的威力无边!
主将千万人丢在黑暗的深渊,
唯独我在主的面前,
受主的恩典。
论才干和品德,谁都承认
我是此地的明灯!
What was I, or my generation,
That I should get sic exaltation?
I wha deserv'd most just damnation
For broken laws,
Six thousand years 'ere my creation,
Thro' Adam's cause.
我何幸,我的一代又何幸,
居然获得这特殊的恩宠?
我本来只配永世沉沦,
因亚当罪孽深重!
六千年前他犯了天条,
我生前就有罪难逃!
When from my mither's womb I fell,
Thou might hae plung'd me deep in hell,
To gnash my gums, and weep and wail,
In burnin lakes,
Where damned devils roar and yell,
Chain'd to their stakes.
自从我走出娘胎,
打入地狱本应该,
您本可将我丢进火焰海,
烧得我苦苦叫哀。
铁柱上锁住了永不超生的鬼,
哭号声叫人心摧!
Yet I am here a chosen sample,
To show thy grace is great and ample;
I'm here a pillar o' Thy temple,
Strong as a rock,
A guide, a buckler, and example,
To a' Thy flock.
但我却活在人间,还以贤德中选,
显示天主的恩泽无边。
我站在这里,作教堂的支柱,
比岩石还坚。
我是您子民的护卫和榜样,
并把他们导引如牛羊。
O Lord, Thou kens what zeal I bear,
When drinkers drink, an' swearers swear,
An' singing here, an' dancin there,
Wi' great and sma';
For I am keepit by Thy fear
Free frae them a'.
主呵,您知道我满腔热忱,
不管他们如何酗酒骂人,
唱歌跳舞,玩的还挺好,
无论身份高低大小;
只因我对您充满恐惧,
所以才能将罪孽远避。
But yet, O Lord! confess I must,
At times I'm fash'd wi' fleshly lust:
An' sometimes, too, in worldly trust,
Vile self gets in;
But Thou remembers we are dust,
Defil'd wi' sin.
可是主呵,我又必须承认——
好些时,春意浓,心痒难受,
也曾经,见钱眼开,孽根不净,
恶性又冒头!
不过主呵,您记得我们本是尘世身,
从头起便是罪恶人。
O Lord! yestreen, Thou kens, wi' Meg
Thy pardon I sincerely beg;
O may't ne'er be a livin' plague
To my dishonour,
An' I'll ne'er lift a lawless leg
Again upon her.
昨夜晚,主知道,我同美琪相聚——
呵,我惶恐,求主宽恕!
但愿没闯大祸,不至于
毁了一生名誉!
我决不让无法无天的风流腿
再上她的小床去捣鬼。
Besides, I farther maun avow,
Wi' Leezie's lass, three times I trow -
But Lord, that Friday I was fou,
When I cam near her;
Or else, Thou kens, Thy servant true
Wad never steer her.
除此外,还有一事要招:
莉西的女儿也来过——大约三遭。
不过,主呵,那一晚碰上她,
我早已黄汤灌饱。
不是酒,您的忠仆哪会出丑,
更不会将她引诱。
Maybe Thou lets this fleshly thorn
Buffet Thy servant e'en and morn,
Lest he owre proud and high shou'd turn,
That he's sae gifted:
If sae, Thy han' maun e'en be borne,
Until Thou lift it.
也许主故意叫淫欲生刺,
刺得您奴仆日夜烦恼,
免得他趾高气扬太骄傲,
自以为天生才高?
如果这样,多少刺我也将忍受,
直到您高抬贵手。
Lord, bless Thy chosen in this place,
For here Thou has a chosen race!
But God confound there stubborn face,
An' blast their name,
Wha brings Thy elders to disgrace
An' open shame.
愿主赐福本地的教徒,
他们是您特选的子民。
但是,主呵,诅咒那倔强的一群,
让他们把脸面丢尽!
他们曾使您的管事们蒙羞,
而且当众出丑。
Lord, mind Gaw'n Hamilton's deserts;
He drinks, an' swears, an' plays at cartes,
Yet has sae mony takin arts,
Wi' great an' sma',
Frae God's ain priest the people's hearts
He steals awa'.
主呵,请给汉弥登应受的惩罚;
他骂街打牌,又喝酒,
到处笼络,不论年长年幼,
小恩小惠有一手!
这样就从主的牧师手上,
把人心完全偷光。
And when we chasten'd him therefore,
Thou kens how he bred sic a splore,
And set the world in a roar
O' laughing at us;
Curse Thou his basket and his store,
Kail an' potatoes.
为此我们要加以管教,
不料惹起一场大纠纷,
他一声喊,引来一群闲人,
个个都嘲笑我们。
主呵,咒诅他的篮筐和伙房,
让他的白菜、土豆烂光。
Lord, hear my earnest cry and pray'r,
Against that Presbyt'ry o' Ayr;
Thy strong right hand, Lord mak it bare
Upo' their heads;
Lord visit them, an' dinna spare,
For their misdeeds.
主呵,我迫切向您呼吁祈求:
一定要惩治艾尔城全体长老教友!
主呵,高举您山岳似的右手,
猛敲他们的秃头!
请主严厉对待,决不容情,
处罚他们的罪行!
O Lord my God! that glib-tongu'd Aitken,
My vera heart an' flesh are quakin,
To think how we stood sweatin, shakin,
An' pish'd wi' dread,
While he, wi' hingin lip an' snakin,
Held up his head.
还有,主呵,那油嘴滑舌的艾肯!
想起他我至今胆战心惊,
那一天他骂得我黄汗象雨淋,
一害怕小便又失禁。
他这条花言巧语的毒蛇,
偏偏在我面前洋洋自得!
Lord, in Thy day o' vengeance try him,
Lord, visit them wha did employ him,
And pass not in Thy mercy by them,
Nor hear their pray'r,
But for Thy people's sake destroy them,
An' dinna spare.
主呵,只等审判的日子一来到,
惩罚了他,还要重办他的雇主,
对他们决不要踌躇,
也不要听他们诉苦。
为了子民之故快将他们处死,
不能有半点仁慈!
But, Lord, remember me an' mine
Wi' mercies temporal and divine,
That I for grace an' gear may shine,
Excell'd by nane,
And a' the glory shall be Thine,
Amen, Amen!
但是主呵,请记住我和我的家人,
赐我天,上地下的一切鸿运,
让我有福有财无比光彩,
荣华超过任何人!
一切荣耀归我主,
阿门!阿门!【王佐良译,有修正】
彭斯是个心境多变的人,时而感伤,时而粗俗,时而激进革命,时而慷慨爱国,时而生涩如黏土,时而精细如砂糖。像本书这样挂一漏万地拣选他的诗作根本无法展现他的全貌。但是如果说革命时代的标志是感性认知的变化与认识世界的全新方式,那么显然有几首彭斯诗歌彰显了时代的变迁。若是再早几年,就算是彭斯恐怕也写不出这样的诗歌,其他诗人就更别提了。《不管那一套》(A Man's a Man for A' That)——彭斯本人在1795年1月曾经忍不住吐槽“这篇文字算不得一首诗”——是歌颂普世兄弟情谊的赞歌。彭斯读过托马斯.潘恩的《人权论》,这首诗也显然受到了潘恩的影响。此外另一位影响本诗的人物则是苏格兰激进民主派人士托马斯.穆尔,彭斯成诗之际此人已经因为煽动作乱的罪名身披铁链被押赴了爱丁堡。正因为如此,彭斯才特意选择了朗朗上口的精炼措辞来宣泄满腔怒火。本诗共计263个单词,其中单音节单词就有240个,可谓是简明用语的大胜利。有时直白的确等于美:
Is there for honest Poverty
That hings his head, an' a' that;
The coward slave - we pass him by,
We dare be poor for a' that!
For a' that, an' a' that.
Our toils obscure an' a' that,
The rank is but the guinea's stamp,
The Man's the gowd for a' that.
有没有人,为了正大光明的贫穷
而垂头丧气,挺不起腰——
这种怯懦的奴才,我们不齿他!
我们敢于贫穷,不管他们那一套,
管他们这一套那一套,
什么低贱的劳动那一套,
官衔只是金币上的花纹,
人才是真金,不管他们那一套!
What though on hamely fare we dine,
Wear hodden grey, an' a that;
Gie fools their silks, and knaves their wine;
A Man's a Man for a' that:
For a' that, and a' that,
Their tinsel show, an' a' that;
The honest man, tho' e'er sae poor,
Is king o' men for a' that.
我们吃粗粮,穿破烂,
但那又有什么不好?
让蠢才穿罗着缎,坏蛋饮酒作乐,
大丈夫是大丈夫,不管他们那一-套!
管他们这一套那一套,
他们是绣花枕头
正大光明的人,尽管穷得要死,
才是人中之王,不管他们那一套!
Ye see yon birkie, ca'd a lord,
Wha struts, an' stares, an' a' that;
Tho' hundreds worship at his word,
He's but a coof for a' that:
For a' that, an' a' that,
His ribband, star, an' a' that:
The man o' independent mind
He looks an' laughs at a' that.
你瞧那个叫做老爷的家伙
装模作样,大摆大摇,
尽管他一呼百诺,
尽管他有勋章绶带一大套,
白痴还是白痴!
管他们这一套那一套,
一个有独立人格的人
看了只会哈哈大笑!
A prince can mak a belted knight,
A marquis, duke, an' a' that;
But an honest man's abon his might,
Gude faith, he maunna fa' that!
For a' that, an' a' that,
Their dignities an' a' that;
The pith o' sense, an' pride o' worth,
Are higher rank than a' that.
国王可以封官:
公侯伯子男一大套。
光明正大的人不受他管——
他也别梦想弄圈套!
管他们这一套那一套,
什么贵人的威仪那一套,
实实在在的真理,顶天立地的品格,
才比什么爵位都高!
Then let us pray that come it may,
(As come it will for a' that,)
That Sense and Worth, o'er a' the earth,
Shall bear the gree, an' a' that.
For a' that, an' a' that,
It's coming yet for a' that,
That Man to Man, the world o'er,
Shall brothers be for a' that.
好吧,让我们来为明天祈祷,
不管怎么变化,明天一定会来到,
那时候真理和品格
将成为整个地球的荣耀!
管他们这一套那一套,
总有一天会来到:
那时候全世界所有的人
都成了兄弟,不管他们那一套!【王佐良译】
这首诗固然写得华彩洋溢,但是并不特别能代表彭斯的全貌,因为彭斯还有冷幽默的另一面。许多人都更喜欢他的另一首作品《写给小鼠》(To a Mouse)。诗歌的前半截很有十八世纪早期的风格,后半截则彰显了更富同情心与平等主义的本能。彭斯的同代人正在到处寻找同情与平等,并且比起祖辈们更加频繁地有所发现:
Wee, sleeket, cowran, tim’rous beastie,
O, what a panic’s in thy breastie!
Thou need na start awa sae hasty,
Wi’ bickerin brattle!
I wad be laith to rin an’ chase thee
Wi’ murd’ring pattle!
呵,光滑、胆怯、怕事的小东西,
多少恐惧藏在你的心里!
你大可不必这样匆忙,
一味向前乱闯!
我哪会忍心拖着凶恶的铁犁
在后紧紧追你!
I’m truly sorry Man’s dominion
Has broken Nature’s social union,
An’ justifies that ill opinion,
Which makes thee startle,
At me, thy poor, earth-born companion,
An’ fellow-mortal!
我真抱憾人这个霸道的东西,
破坏了自然界彼此的友谊,
于是得了一个恶名,
连我也叫你吃惊。
可是我呵,你可怜的友伴,土生土长,
同是生物本一样!
I doubt na, whyles, but thou may thieve;
What then? poor beastie, thou maun live!
A daimen-icker in a thrave
’S a sma’ request:
I’ll get a blessin wi’ the lave,
An’ never miss ’t!
我知道你有时不免偷窃,
但那又算什么?你也得活着呼吸!
一串麦穗里捡几颗,
这点要求不苛。
剩下的已够我称心,
不在乎你那一份。
Thy wee-bit housie, too, in ruin!
It’s silly wa’s the win’s are strewin!
An’ naething, now, to big a new ane,
O’ foggage green!
An’ bleak December’s winds ensuin,
Baith snell an’ keen!
可怜你那小小的房屋被摧毁,
破墙哪经得大风来回地吹!
要盖新居没材料,
连荒草也难找!
眼看十二月的严冬就逼近,
如刀的北风刮得紧!
Thou saw the fields laid bare an’ waste,
An’ weary Winter comin fast,
An’ cozie here, beneath the blast,
Thou thought to dwell,
Till crash! the cruel coulter past
Out thro’ thy cell.
你早见寂寞的田野已荒芜,
快到的冬天漫长又艰苦,
本指望靠这块避风地,
舒舒服服过一季。
没想到那残忍的犁头一声响,
就叫你家园全遭殃!
That wee-bit heap o’ leaves an’ stibble
Has cost thee monie a weary nibble!
Now thou’s turn’d out, for a’ thy trouble,
But house or hald,
To thole the Winter’s sleety dribble,
An’ cranreuch cauld!
这小小一堆树叶和枯枝,
费了你多少疲倦的日子!
如今你辛苦的经营全落空,
赶出了安乐洞!
无家无粮,就凭孤身去抵挡
漫天风雪,遍地冰霜!
But Mousie, thou art no thy-lane,
In proving foresight may be vain:
The best laid schemes o’ Mice an’ Men
Gang aft agley,
An’ lea’e us nought but grief an’ pain,
For promis’d joy!
但是鼠呵,失望不只是你的命运,
人的远见也一样成泡影!
人也罢,鼠也罢,最如意的安排
也不免常出意外!
只剩下痛苦和悲伤,
代替了快乐的希望。
Still, thou art blest, compar’d wi’ me!
The present only toucheth thee:
But Och! I backward cast my e’e,
On prospects drear!
An’ forward tho’ I canna see,
I guess an’ fear!
比起我,你还大值庆幸,
你的烦恼只在如今。
我呢,唉,向后看
一片黑暗;
向前看,说不出究竟,
猜一下,也叫人寒心!【王佐良译】
苏格兰的爱国者们肯定会主张英伦三岛上再没有像彭斯这样的诗人,这话说得固然不错。但是在英国的南端还有另一位诗人风格与彭斯非常相似,而且同样密切关注农村生活的现实,同样关注细节,同样抱有深厚的同情心。约翰.克莱尔是北汉普顿郡一位农夫的儿子,彭斯去世那年他只有三岁。但是彭斯在埃尔郡的务农生活总体而言还算安稳,而克莱尔却亲眼见证了圈地运动的后果。就在他的眼前,英格兰东部千百年来郁郁葱葱的森林与鱼鳞状片片拼合的小块耕地被圈地运动扫荡一空,留下了一片方正死板的粮食工厂。彭斯与克莱尔生前都没能真正体验过工业化生活或者新兴城市化生活,尽管彭斯大半辈子都待在文化气息浓厚的爱丁堡肮脏老城区,而克莱尔则在临终前几年被关进了北汉普顿郡的精神病院。因此从这一层上来说两人都是工业革命的边线旁观者。克莱尔并不像彭斯那样激进,但是他对于农业革命后果的悲叹使得他成为了当代环保主义者与生态主义者们的主保圣人。环保活动家乔治.蒙比奥特甚至主张要将克莱尔的诞辰7月13日确立为“克莱尔日”,部分原因在于他的《夜莺巢》(The Nightingale's Nest)一诗实在写得太好了。这是一首事无巨细的长诗,不过事无巨细正是关键所在。除非某人很清楚究竟失去了什么,否则就不要大言不惭地鼓吹进步的必然代价。而要想知道自己失去了什么,就必须仔细观察:
Up this green woodland-ride let’s softly rove,
And list the nightingale - she dwells just here.
Hush ! let the wood-gate softly clap, for fear
The noise might drive her from her home of love;
For here I’ve heard her many a merry year -
At morn, at eve, nay, all the live-long day,
As though she lived on song. This very spot,
Just where that old-man’s-beard all wildly trails
Rude arbours o’er the road, and stops the way -
And where that child its blue-bell flowers hath got,
Laughing and creeping through the mossy rails -
There have I hunted like a very boy,
Creeping on hands and knees through matted thorn
To find her nest, and see her feed her young.
And vainly did I many hours employ:
All seemed as hidden as a thought unborn.
And where those crimping fern-leaves ramp among
The hazel’s under boughs, I’ve nestled down,
And watched her while she sung; and her renown
Hath made me marvel that so famed a bird
Should have no better dress than russet brown.
Her wings would tremble in her ecstasy,
And feathers stand on end, as ’twere with joy,
And mouth wide open to release her heart
Of its out-sobbing songs. The happiest part
Of summer’s fame she shared, for so to me
Did happy fancies shapen her employ;
But if I touched a bush, or scarcely stirred,
All in a moment stopt. I watched in vain:
The timid bird had left the hazel bush,
And at a distance hid to sing again.
Lost in a wilderness of listening leaves,
Rich Ecstasy would pour its luscious strain,
Till envy spurred the emulating thrush
To start less wild and scarce inferior songs;
For while of half the year Care him bereaves,
To damp the ardour of his speckled breast;
The nightingale to summer’s life belongs,
And naked trees, and winter’s nipping wrongs,
Are strangers to her music and her rest.
Her joys are evergreen, her world is wide -
Hark! there she is as usual - let’s be hush -
For in this black-thorn clump, if rightly guest,
Her curious house is hidden. Part aside
These hazel branches in a gentle way,
And stoop right cautious ’neath the rustling boughs,
For we will have another search to day,
And hunt this fern-strewn thorn-clump round and round;
And where this reeded wood-grass idly bows,
We’ll wade right through, it is a likely nook:
In such like spots, and often on the ground,
They’ll build, where rude boys never think to look -
Aye, as I live ! her secret nest is here,
Upon this white-thorn stump ! I’ve searched about
For hours in vain. There! put that bramble by -
Nay, trample on its branches and get near.
How subtle is the bird ! she started out,
And raised a plaintive note of danger nigh,
Ere we were past the brambles; and now, near
Her nest, she sudden stops - as choking fear,
That might betray her home. So even now
We’ll leave it as we found it: safety’s guard
Of pathless solitudes shall keep it still.
See there! she’s sitting on the old oak bough,
Mute in her fears; our presence doth retard
Her joys, and doubt turns every rapture chill.
Sing on, sweet bird! may no worse hap befall
Thy visions, than the fear that now deceives.
We will not plunder music of its dower,
Nor turn this spot of happiness to thrall;
For melody seems hid in every flower,
That blossoms near thy home. These harebells all
Seem bowing with the beautiful in song;
And gaping cuckoo-flower, with spotted leaves,
Seems blushing of the singing it has heard.
How curious is the nest; no other bird
Uses such loose materials, or weaves
Its dwelling in such spots: dead oaken leaves
Are placed without, and velvet moss within,
And little scraps of grass, and, scant and spare,
What scarcely seem materials, down and hair;
For from men’s haunts she nothing seems to win.
Yet Nature is the builder, and contrives
Homes for her children’s comfort, even here;
Where Solitude’s disciples spend their lives
Unseen, save when a wanderer passes near
That loves such pleasant places. Deep adown,
The nest is made a hermit’s mossy cell.
Snug lie her curious eggs in number five,
Of deadened green, or rather olive brown;
And the old prickly thorn-bush guards them well.
So here we’ll leave them, still unknown to wrong,
As the old woodland’s legacy of song.
在翠绿的林地里,让我们轻柔地漫游,
倾听夜莺之声——她就住在这里
安静!要轻轻开启森林之门,以免
声音太大,吓得她逃离爱巢;
在这里我一年到头都能听见她的欢唱,
在清晨,在黄昏,一天到晚,
简直就像为了歌唱而生。就在此地,
枝头松萝在此恣意生长,
粗鲁地漫过路径,挡住去路——
孩子们在这里摘取蓝铃花,
在青苔小径上大笑着捉迷藏——
小时候我曾在这里打猎,
手脚并用地钻过荆棘丛,
找寻她的巢窠,看她喂养后代。
为此我曾徒劳耗费了多少时光
一切都像尚未成型的思想那样隐秘。
在榛树的低枝以下,在皱褶的蕨叶
层层掩映之处,我曾俯身蜷缩,
观看她放声歌唱,并且心中疑惑,
如此闻名的鸟儿为何只穿一身土黄?
她唱得痴迷时两翼颤抖,
翎羽直竖,似乎喜不自禁,
嘴巴大张,似乎要用婉转歌声
放飞她的心。夏日里
最欢乐的时光必然有她,
她为我塑造了多少快乐幻想;
可若是我碰到草丛,或者动作略大
一切都会戛然而止。我只得眼睁睁看着
胆怯的鸟儿逃离了榛树从,
落脚在远处藏好,这才再度开腔。
无处寻觅,唯有无数叶片倾听,
丰盛的喜乐从华美的曲调中倾泻而出,
直到一旁的画眉出于嫉妒而开腔
唱起了略显局促却几乎同样优美的歌声;
他每年有一半时光要操心生活,
遍布斑点的胸中热情遭到压制,
可是夜莺却专属于夏天,
光秃的枝干,寒冬的诸般过错
全都与她的音乐与生活无关。
她的喜乐常翠,她的世界宽广——
听吧!她又像平常一样——都别做声——
在黑刺李从中,若是仔细寻访,
就能看到她那隐秘的居所。
轻轻拨开榛树的枝丫,
小心蹲在在沙沙作响的树冠之下,
我们今天要再次搜索,
一遍遍寻找蕨叶编织的荆棘团。
在芦苇般的长草随意弯腰之处,
我们要趟过去,寻找隐秘角落:
在这样的地点,通常她们会在地面上
搭建鸟巢,傻小子们绝想不到在此寻找——
哈!看啊!她的隐秘小窝就在这里,
在山楂树的树桩上!我苦苦地
寻找了好几个钟头。就在这儿!拨开这从荆棘——
不行,还是踩着它的荆条凑过去更妥当。
多么精细的鸟儿!我们还没
穿过荆棘之前,她开口歌唱
调门清亮,高得吓人。现在我们靠近了
她的窝,她突然闭了口——恰似被恐惧噎住,
唯恐歌声暴露家园所在。所以现在
我们要折返回去,不再打扰她:
无路可通的孤寂是她的保安,我们不便打搅。
看!她端坐在苍劲的橡树枝头
因为恐惧而缄口不语;我们的现身压制了
她的欢乐,怀疑冷却了所有的喜悦。
接着唱吧,甜美的鸟儿!愿你的视野里
见不到比起现在欺骗你的恐惧更糟的不幸。
我们不会洗劫音乐的主人,
也不会将这欢乐之所化为囚笼;
因为旋律似乎潜藏在你家周围的
每一朵盛开鲜花当中。遍地风信子
都随着美丽的歌声俯仰身姿。
盛放的杜鹃花,摇曳着斑驳的叶子,
似乎被歌声羞得满脸通红。
多么神奇的巢窠;没有其他飞鸟
会使用如此松软的材质,或者选择
这样的地点筑巢;枯干的橡树叶
充当外层,内层是天鹅绒一般的苔藓
与草叶碎片。还有零星散布的
粗细兽毛,看似不像建筑材料。
这鸟巢相比人类的居所似乎一无所长。
然而自然才是巧匠,努力为了
她的子女营造舒适的家,即便在这里。
孤寂的门徒在这里不受打扰地
消磨时光,除非有漫游之人
因为喜爱景色而靠近。在更深处,
这苔藓的巢窠恰似隐士的小屋。
五枚精巧的鸟蛋妥帖安放,
蛋壳是暗绿色或者说橄榄棕色;
遍布尖刺的荆棘丛拱卫着它们;
莫要再打扰它们了,它们尚不知世间险恶,
这就是古老树林的遗赠之歌。
这就是圈地运动所毁灭的世界。这就是英国为了工业化与人口增长而付出的代价。约翰.克莱尔——酗酒与间歇发作的精神病令他原本就艰难的生活更加雪上加霜——倒是要看看哪位读者胆敢忘却这一切。
克莱尔对于圈地运动与工业化时期的英格兰的描述既明确又直接,在这方面唯有另一位同样出身农村的诗人能与他相比,而且此人在其他各个方面都与他差异显著。乔治.克雷布出身英国东海岸,原本是一名医生,后来又成为了教士,常住在英格兰南方。克雷布的创作生涯很长,他在塞缪尔.约翰逊与埃德蒙.伯克时期的伦敦起步——伯克这位托利党政客兼哲学家日后还成为了他的资助人——到了晚年他又成为了沃尔特.斯科特与拜伦等等后起之秀眼中的可敬前辈。但是从根本上来说克雷布是一个前浪漫主义时代的诗人。他惯于创作描述性的长诗与英雄双行体叙事诗,他的创作兴趣主要在于描摹身边的世界——一个有些压抑的农村与小城镇世界,尽管其中充满了令人难忘的角色——而不是剖析自己的内心与性格,更不用说袒露灵魂了。人们经常将他比作现实主义小说家。如果你想了解一下十八与十九世纪之交的英格兰农村生活是怎样的景象,那就少不了要研读一下克雷布的作品。克雷布并不像克莱尔那样犀利,他的世界观很虔诚且本质上偏向悲观,或许会让一部分读者产生反感。但是在他表现最好的时候,他的诗歌不仅充满活力,而且信息量极其丰富。他并不像其他诗人那样讲政治,但他确实对于穷人与被排斥的社会群体抱有深切同情,就像日后的华兹华斯那样。在他的早期作品《村镇》(The Village)当中,克雷布描写了一位老农:
For yonder see that hoary swain, whose age
Can with no cares except his own engage;
Who, propped on that rude staff, looks up to see
The bare arms broken from the withering tree,
On which, a boy, he climbed the loftiest bough,
Then his first joy, but his sad emblem now.
He once was chief in all the rustic trade,
His steady hand the straightest furrow made;
Full many a prize he won, and still is proud
To find the triumphs of his youth allowed.
A transient pleasure sparkles in his eyes,
He hears and smiles, then thinks again and sighs:
For now he journeys to his grave in pain;
The rich disdain him, nay, the poor disdain;
Alternate masters now their slave command,
And urge the efforts of his feeble hand;
Who, when his age attempts its task in vain,
With ruthless taunts of lazy poor complain.
那边有一位老汉满头白发,
谁也不曾将他的福祉牵挂;
他拄着粗糙牧杖,抬头将你瞧看,
牧杖乃是死树上折断的赤裸枝干,
他也曾是少年,也曾爬上最高的树梢,
他最初的欢愉,却也象征了悲哀的今朝。
他曾是精通各项农活的好把式,
稳定的双手将田垄耕得笔直;
多少次拔得头筹,如今他依旧骄傲,
当别人将他早年的劳动成果夸耀。
他的眼里闪过一丝转瞬即逝的欢喜,
一边听一边微笑,回过神来才叹气:
如今他只得披一身粗布走向坟茔,
有钱人鄙视他——不,是鄙视所有穷人;
一位又一位主人都将他当成奴隶使唤,
催促他那双老迈的手快把活干;
当他因为年岁老迈完不成工作,
他们就无情嘲笑他多么懒惰。
克雷布在同一首诗当中还描绘了一番济贫院里的景象。当时济贫院在英国很常见,但凡是无法自行糊口的人们都会被打发进这一悲惨且污秽不堪的场所。鉴于克雷布的诗文能让约翰逊与伯克这样的托利党主要政客们留下深刻印象,我们也应当注意不要一味依赖粗陋的政治分类来进行想当然的假设,将托利党全都视作冷酷无情的混蛋:
Theirs is yon house that holds the parish poor,
Whose walls of mud scarce bear the broken door;
There, where the putrid vapours, flagging, play,
And the dull wheel hums doleful through the day;
There children dwell, who know no parents' care,
Parents, who know no children's love, dwell there;
Heart-broken matrons on their joyless bed,
Forsaken wives, and mothers never wed;
Dejected widows with unheeded tears,
And crippled age with more than childhood-fears;
The lame, the blind, and, far the happiest they!
The moping idiot and the madman gay.
教区的穷人就在这一带居住,
简陋的泥墙,摇摇欲坠的门户;
笼罩在室内的是腐臭的蒸汽,
沉闷的纺轮终日转得有气无力;
住在这里的孩童从不晓得父母疼爱,
住在这里的父母只将子女当成欠债;
心碎的老祖母孤零零在病榻上僵卧,
从未出嫁的母亲,遭到遗弃的老婆。
孀居的寡妇,以泪洗面也无人在意,
昏聩老人再次陷入孩提时的恐惧;
瘸腿的,瞎眼的,要说谁最欢乐,
当然是木然的白痴与疯子大笑呵呵。
Here too the sick their final doom receive,
Here brought, amid the scenes of grief, to grieve,
Where the loud groans from some sad chamber flow,
Mixed with the clamors of the crowd below;
Here, sorrowing, they each kindred sorrow scan,
And the cold charities of man to man:
Whose laws indeed for ruined age provide,
And strong compulsion plucks the scrap from pride;
But still that scrap is bought with many a sigh,
And pride embitters what it can't deny.
重病之人在这里等着闭眼断气,
将他们送到悲恸之所满心苦戚,
痛苦的呻吟传出了悲哀的斗室,
混同了屋外的嘈杂,将四下充斥;
忙着伤心的人们偷偷地彼此打量,
每个人都揣一副冰冷的算计心肠:
按照习俗,将死之人理应他们共同照料,
于是咬牙拔毛出血,因为面子不能不要;
但是有多少人在拔毛出血时唉声叹气,
令人肉痛的面子,没有回绝的余地。
Say ye, oppressed by some fantastic woes,
Some jarring nerve that baffles your repose;
Who press the downy couch, while slaves advance
With timid eye to read the distant glance;
Who with sad prayers the weary doctor tease
To name the nameless ever-new disease;
Who with mock patience dire complaints endure,
Which real pain, and that alone, can cure;
How would ye bear in real pain to lie,
Despised, neglected, left alone to die?
How would ye bear to draw your latest breath,
Where all that's wretched paves the way for death?
有福的你们也会受到奇妙病痛的压迫,
神经刺痛也会令你们浑身难过,
于是倒在长沙发上,奴才们团团走趋,
低眉顺眼地猜度你们的眉眼高低。
你们满嘴悲哀祈祷,嘲讽着疲累的医生,
非要人家讲清这次又是什么无名病症。
医生装出满脸耐心,忍受你们的刺耳抱怨,
一点真痛就能让你们满嘴怪话消失不见。
你们要如何承受真正的痛苦凄惶,
饱受蔑视与忽视,独自等待死亡?
你们是否甘愿就这样咽下最后一口气,
沿着如此崎岖的恶道向死亡走去?
Such is that room which one rude beam divides,
And naked rafters form the sloping sides;
Where the vile bands that bind the thatch are seen,
And lath and mud is all that lie between;
Save one dull pane, that, coarsely patched, gives way
To the rude tempest, yet excludes the day.
Here, on a matted flock, with dust o'erspread,
The drooping wretch reclines his languid head;
For him no hand the cordial cup applies,
Nor wipes the tear that stagnates in his eyes;
No friends with soft discourse his pain beguile,
Nor promise hope till sickness wears a smile.
粗糙的横梁将房舍两边分割,
裸露的椽子压出左右两道斜坡,
捆扎茅草的粗绳在眼前暴露无遗,
茅草的缝隙间露出了板条与灰泥;
胡乱修补的木板,挡不住雨雪风霜,
却能遮蔽白昼的朗朗日光。
斑驳的垫子,积了厚厚一层灰尘,
上面僵卧着嘴角流涎的可怜人;
没有人为他悉心送水端茶,
没有人将他眼角积泪拭擦,
没有朋友的良言将他的痛苦缓和,
没有希望,只得屈服于狞笑的病魔。
日后克雷布将笔锋转向了直接描写法国大革命期间席卷英国的政治纷争。通过他的诗文,我们不仅能见识到当年活力四射的论战交锋场面,也能体味到与其相伴相生的极端氛围。在1812年出版的《故事组诗》(The Tales)第一部当中,克雷布塑造了一位托利党高派教会信徒博尔特法官。博尔特擅长公开演讲且引以为傲,很爱听自己的声音。因此当他来到某个遥远城市的时候——大概是曼城或者伯明翰——十分天真地闯进了一家论政俱乐部,这种俱乐部在当时的英国足有成百上千家。很快博尔特法官就意识到自己玩脱了:
Now, dinner past, no longer he supprest
His strong dislike to be a silent guest;
Subjects and words were now at his command--
When disappointment frown'd on all he plann'd;
For, hark!--he heard amazed, on every side,
His church insulted and her priests belied;
The laws reviled, the ruling power abused,
The land derided, and its foes excused:--
He heard and ponder'd--What, to men so vile,
Should be his language? For his threat' ning style
They were too many;--if his speech were meek,
They would despise such poor attempts to speak:
At other times with every word at will,
He now sat lost, perplex' d, astonish'd, still.
Here were Socinians, Deists, and indeed
All who, as foes to England's chureh, agreed;
But still with creeds unlike, and some without a creed:
Here, too, ferce friends of liberty he saw,
Who own'd no prince and who obey no law;
There were reformers of each different sort,
Foes to the laws, the priesthood, and the court;
Some on their favourite plans alone intent,
Some purely angry and malevolent:
The rash were proud to blame their country's laws;
The vain, to seem supporters of a cause;
One cal'd for change that he would dread to see;
Another sigh'd for Gallic liberty!'
And numbers joining with the forward crew,
For no one reason- -but that numbers do.
“How,”said the justice,“can this trouble rise,
“This shame and pain, from creatures I despise?"
And conscience answer'd- .“ The prevailing cause
Is thy delight in listening to applause;
Here, thou art seated with a tribe, who spurn
Thy favourite themes, and into laughter turn
Thy fears and wishes; silent and obscure,
Thyself, shalt thou the long harangue endure;
And learn, by feeling, what it is to force
On thy unwilling friends the long discourse:
What though thy thoughts be just, and these, it seems,
Are traitors' projects, idiots' empty schemes;
Yet minds like bodies cramm'd, reject their food,
Nor will be forced and tortured for their good !"
At length, a sharp, shrewd, sallow man arose;
And begg'd he briefly might his mind disclose;
“It was his duty, in these worst of times,
“T' inform the govern'd of their rulers' crimes:”
吃罢晚餐,他再不愿将本性压抑,
再不愿老老实实将嘴巴紧闭;
终于轮到他滔滔不绝力压全场——
然后失望就将他的全盘计划阻挡;
听吧!——他惊讶地听到,在他身前身后
他的教会遭到侮辱,教士们被批倒批臭;
法律遭到痛斥,统治权力被扣上黑锅,
祖国遭到嘲讽,祖国的敌人得到开脱:——
听得他暗自心惊——面对如此恶劣的听众
他该说什么?倘若把话说得太重,
唯恐惹恼这许多人;——倘若说得太轻
气场太弱,又怕被他们嘲笑出门。
别的时候他总能口若悬河,
如今他却呆若木鸡张口结舌。
这里有人信奉苏西尼派与自然神论,
还有形形色色的国教会敌人;
各种教条无所不有,还有混不吝的浑人:
这里也有人狂热鼓吹自由,
绝不肯向王公与律法弯腰低头;
还有门类齐全的各种改革派,
敌视法律与教士,存心将宫廷败坏;
有些人极力宣扬自己的宏伟大计,
也有些人单纯只想发泄满腹怨气:
急躁的人们骄傲地抨击着国法,
虚荣的人们只想假装有些看法;
这个人主张变革令他心生惧畏,
那个人高呼法国万岁自由万岁!
哪个嗓门最大,附和的人们就越多,
还讲什么理性?人多势众越发敢说。
法官慨叹道:“乱象何以至此?
这么多卑劣之辈,此等痛苦与羞耻?”
良知回答道:“论及祸根莫作他想,
只因你一味爱听别人为你鼓掌。
如今你深陷与你不容的群落,他们厌弃
你最爱的题目,将你的希望与恐惧
化为笑柄;闭嘴噤声,莫要出头冒尖,
要默默忍受他们的大论长篇,
要通过感觉来理解是什么力量
让你这些勉强的朋友如此激亢:
有多少想法你以为都是天经地义,
他们却视作叛徒的伎俩,白痴的把戏;
然而心智好比身体,吃撑了也受不了,
更不会容忍强力折磨,借口为了你好!”
最后有一位瘦削蜡黄之人站起身来,
希望占用片刻,将自己的头脑剖白:
“这是我的职责,在这最恶劣的时代,
向被统治者们揭示掌权者如何罪孽败坏!”
博尔特被这位名叫哈蒙德的共和派律师吓得不敢开口,直到哈蒙德发言完毕之后他才鼓足勇气发起了反击。人们一般认为克雷布描写人物与景物的时候略显乏味,但其实他也可以非常幽默,比方说以下就是博尔特法官努力鼓动怒火时的样子:
Alarm'd by this, he lash'd his soul to rage,
Burn'd with strong shame, and huried to engage.
As a male turkey straggling on the green,
When by ferce harriers, terriers, mongrels seen,
He feels the insult of the noisy train,
And sculks aside, though moved by much disdain;
But when that turkey, at his own barn-door,
Sees one poor straying puppy and no more,
(A foolish puppy who had left the pack,
Thoughtless what foe was threat'ning at his back,)
He moves about, as ship prepared to sail,
He hoists his proud rotundity of tail,
The half-seal'd eyes and changeful neck he shows,
Where, in its quick' ning colours, vengeance glows;
From red to blue the pendant wattles turn,
Blue mix'd with red, as matches when they burn;
And thus th' intruding snarler to oppose,
Urged by enkindling wrath, he gobbling goes.
So look'd our hero in his wrath, his cheeks
Flush'd with fresh fires and glow 'd in tingling streaks;
受惊之下,他鞭笞灵魂大发烈怒,
羞耻心熊熊灼烧,急于将对方吓住。
恰似雄火鸡在绿草坪上疯狂扑翼,
只因凶猛的各种猎犬逼近了草地,
狺狺吠叫令他心中惶恐惊惧,
于是扑腾着逃走,憋了一肚子气。
还是这只火鸡,逃回自家农舍门口,
看见一只走失的无助小狗,
(愚蠢的小东西,脱离开了大部队,
不知道怎样凶恶的敌人盯着他的后背,)
于是他摆开架势,恰似航船即将离岸,
骄傲地炸起丰满的尾羽好似团扇,
眯起眼睛,高高耸起紧绷的脖颈,
复仇的光芒在脖颈上熠熠闪动;
赤红色的肉垂变成了幽蓝,
又好似火柴燃烧,变得红中透蓝;
为了对抗这呲牙的入侵小兽,
他点燃了怒火,咯咯叫着向前凑。
我们的主人公此时也怒不可遏,
两颊飞烈火,根根血管即将爆破;
英国主流文化似乎对华兹华斯与济慈情有独钟,而笔者则建议读者们将克雷布与克莱尔当成现实英格兰的更可靠观察家。克雷布笔下的自然风光充斥着荒凉孤寂的气息——空无一人的海滩,水草壅塞的河道,凄凉的荒野。克莱尔笔下的自然风光从地理位置上来说要比克雷布更加靠北,看上去也更加阳光明媚且生机盎然,很适合踏青远足呼吸新鲜空气,学童、农夫、獾与参天古树在这片地区随处可见。然而要想收束以英国革命为主题的本章节,最恰当的文字恐怕还是克莱尔的自传性质反思诗歌《我在》(I Am)。如果你想理解身处飞速变化社会的人们如何感到茫然若失,这首诗可谓抓住了关键。尽管诗歌的作者是克莱尔,但是听上去就好像克拉布笔下的贫苦农民用自己的语言开了腔那样:
I am! yet what I am none cares or knows,
My friends forsake me like a memory lost;
I am the self-consumer of my woes,
They rise and vanish in oblivious host,
Like shades in love and death's oblivion lost;
And yet I am! and live with shadows tost
我在!但我的本性无人知晓或者萦怀,
我的朋友弃绝了我,恰似将回忆忘记;
我只能将满心苦痛自行品味明白,
它们在被遗忘的宿主心中生灭来去,
恰似阴影迷失在爱与死的幻境;
然而我在!我与被抛弃的影子共度生命。
Into the nothingness of scorn and noise,
Into the living sea of waking dreams,
Where there is neither sense of life nor joys,
But the vast shipwreck of my life's esteems;
And e'en the dearest—that I loved the best—
Are strange—nay, rather stranger than the rest.
飘入讽刺而又喧嚣的虚无,
沉浸于满是白日梦的灵海,
那里没有活着的感觉与幸福,
唯有我生命尊严的巨船残骸;
即便是最亲爱的——我的挚爱亲人
也变得陌生——而且还不如陌生人。
I long for scenes where man has never trod;
A place where woman never smil'd or wept;
There to abide with my creator, God,
And sleep as I in childhood sweetly slept:
Untroubling and untroubled where I lie;
The grass below—above the vaulted sky.
我渴望这样一片风景,人迹未至,
未曾见过女性的微笑与眼泪;
我将在那里服从创造我的上帝,
像童稚岁月那样甜美入睡,
心中坦然,无人搅扰,
上有苍穹,身枕青草。【参考了遐思如梦网友的译文】
上一章选取的最后一首诗是约翰.克莱尔的《我在》,这首诗创作于诗人的晚年,具体时间是1845年前后,当时克莱尔已经被关进了精神病院。但是这首诗依然是极具代表性的浪漫主义作品,因为这首诗向英国浪漫主义引入了某些令人不安的因素。浪漫主义运动与威廉.华兹华斯、约翰.济慈、塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治、珀西.雪莱以及拜伦勋爵(在笔者看来将最后这位与浪漫主义运动联系在一起着实有点奇怪)等等文坛巨匠密不可分,这场运动也是英语文学史上的华彩时刻,济慈恐怕算得上是莎士比亚之后最受爱戴的英语诗人。那么问题究竟出在哪里呢?读者们不妨回想一下到目前为止我们讨论过的各位伟大诗人,从乔叟到邓恩,从赫伯特到斯威夫特,从彭斯到克莱尔,所有这些人的作品无不闪耀着强烈的个性与气质,但是他们的创作方向主要都是描绘身边世界的某个侧面,并且将人类普遍处境的问题摆在第一位。他们的主要创作题材并不是他们自身——就算个人特质最鲜明的布莱克与斯玛特也是这样。
随着浪漫主义革命的来临,英国诗坛的创作风气也为之一变。华兹华斯尤其痴迷于创作关于他本人的诗歌。诚然,他的笔下既有山川风景也有往事追忆,既有十八世纪英国的社会风貌也有法国大革命,但是他之所以觉得这些题材值得一写,主要是因为它们对他本人的成长发展造成了这样那样的影响。现在诗人变成了诗歌创作的中心。这是个令人欲罢不能的创作理念。以拜伦为例,尽管他很看不上华兹华斯并且时常拿着后者开涮,但是他的诗歌看上去同样更关注他自己而不是外部世界。柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》与《忽必烈汗》由于文风过于怪异倒是躲过了自我痴迷的指控,尽管我们今天阅读第二首诗主要是为了理解诗人的鸦片瘾。济慈将自己的人生活成了一部动作大片,远比他的诗歌成就更加抓人眼球。从十九世纪到二十世纪,一位又一位英国诗人在选取诗材时将目光投向了内心深处、镜子对面或者诗坛前人们的历史背影。笔者在撰写本书时清楚地注意到,随着我们离开十八世纪,描写英国现实生活的诗歌变得越来越少而不是越来越多了。浪漫主义运动对此难辞其咎(如果说这一点的确是个错误的话),而华兹华斯——尽管他广受爱戴——则是罪魁祸首,正是从他开始,英国诗歌进入了自我痴迷的新时期。身披斗篷、秀发飘逸、下巴挑起、以手抚胸的诗人们开始有些令人生厌地将自己摆在了区区诗歌之前。
之所以会发生这一切,完全是因为华兹华斯的非凡才华,唯此才会有这么多后来者效仿他,就像到了维多利亚时代将会有几十名诗才逊色的诗人创作出大量试图与济慈看齐的诗歌一样。但是就算如此,华兹华斯依然是始作俑者。这一点从他的创作生涯早期就显现了出来。比方说他的名诗之一《她住在杳无人迹的幽径旁》(She Dwelt Among The Untrodden Ways)其实并非关于住在湖区的某位无名少女——仔细看看最后一句吧:
SHE dwelt among the untrodden ways
Beside the springs of Dove,
A Maid whom there were none to praise
And very few to love:
她住的地方紧挨着鸽子泉,
杳无人迹的幽径环绕四面;
这姑娘既没有人赞美,
也很少有人献上痴情一片。
A violet by a mossy stone
Half hidden from the eye!
--Fair as a star, when only one
Is shining in the sky.
苔藓石旁的一株紫罗兰,
半藏着没有被人看见!
美丽得如同天上星点,
一颗孤星清辉闪闪。
She lived unknown,and few could know
When Lucy ceased to be;
But she is in her grave, and, oh,
The difference to me!
她生前默默无闻,也没人
知道她何时长逝;
如今她已埋进了孤坟,
这对我恍若隔世! 【郭沫若、彭予、陈波等译,有修改】
又或者来看看长诗《丁登寺旁》(Tintern Abbey)的开篇。这首诗在1798年出版的《抒情歌谣集》当中首次与读者见面,乍一看去只是在单纯地描写风景,与约翰.克莱尔的作品相比少了许多细节与生动感性:
FIVE years have past; five summers, with the length
Of five long winters! and again I hear
These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs
With a soft inland murmur. -- Once again
Do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs,
That on a wild secluded scene impress
Thoughts of more deep seclusion; and connect
The landscape with the quiet of the sky.
The day is come when I again repose
Here, under this dark sycamore, and view
These plots of cottage-ground, these orchard-tufts,
Which at this season, with their unripe fruits,
Are clad in one green hue, and lose themselves
'Mid groves and copses. Once again I see
These hedge-rows, hardly hedge-rows, little lines
Of sportive wood run wild: these pastoral farms,
Green to the very door; and wreaths of smoke
Sent up, in silence, from among the trees!
With some uncertain notice, as might seem
Of vagrant dwellers in the houseless woods,
Or of some Hermit's cave, where by his fire
The Hermit sits alone.
五年过去了,五个夏天,加上
长长的五个冬天!我终于又听见
这水声,这从高山滚流而下的泉水,
带着柔和的内河的潺潺。
——我又一次
看到这些陡峭挺拔的山峰,
这里已经是幽静的野地,
它们却使人感到更加清幽,
把眼前景物一直挂上宁静的高天。
这个日子又来到了,我能再一次站在这里,
傍着这棵苍翠的槭树,俯览脚下,
各处村舍的园地,种满果树的山坡,
由于季节未到,果子未结,
只见果树一片葱绿,
隐没在灌木和树林之中。我又一次
看到了树篱,也许称不上篱,
而是一行行活泼顽皮的小树精;
看到了田园的绿色,一直绿到家门;
一片沉寂的树林里升起了袅袅炊烟,
烟的来处难定,或许是
林中有无家的流浪者在走动,
或许是有隐士住在山洞,现在正
独坐火旁。【王佐良译】
文笔确实很美,尽管或许有些泛泛。但是隐士的意象揭露了这首诗真正的主题——不是风景,而是风景对于威廉.华兹华斯其人的内在灵魂的影响:
These beauteous forms,
Through a long absence, have not been to me
As is a landscape to a blind man's eye:
But oft, in lonely rooms, and 'mid the din
Of towns and cities, I have owed to them
In hours of weariness, sensations sweet,
Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart;
And passing even into my purer mind,
With tranquil restoration: -- feelings too
Of unremembered pleasure: such, perhaps,
As have no slight or trivial influence
On that best portion of a good man's life,
His little, nameless, unremembered, acts
Of kindness and of love. Nor less, I trust,
To them I may have owed another gift,
Of aspect more sublime; that blessed mood,
In which the burthen of the mystery,
In which the heavy and the weary weight
Of all this unintelligible world,
Is lightened: -- that serene and blessed mood,
In which the affections gently lead us on, --
Until, the breath of this corporeal frame
And even the motion of our human blood
Almost suspended, we are laid asleep
In body, and become a living soul:
这些美好的形体
虽已久别,倒从来不曾忘怀,
不是像盲人看不到美景,
而是每当我孤居喧闹的城市,
寂寞而疲惫的时候,
它们带来甜蜜的感觉,
让我从血液里心脏里感到,
甚至还进入我最纯洁的思想,
使我恢复了恬静:-还有许多感觉,
使我回忆起已经忘却的愉快,它们对
一个良善的人最宝贵的岁月
有过绝非细微、琐碎的影响,
一些早已忘记的无名小事,
但饱含着善意和爱。不仅如此,
我还靠它们得到另一种能力,
更高的能力,一种幸福的心情,
忽然间人世的神秘感,
整个无法理解的世界的
沉重感疲惫感的压力
减轻了;一种恬静和幸福的心情,
听从温情引导我们前进,
直到我们这躯壳中止了呼吸,
甚至我们的血液也暂停流动,
我们的身体入睡了,
我们变成一个活的灵魂……【王佐良译】
不好意思,笔者读到这里就读不下去了。华兹华斯最优秀的诗作全都直接应对了他内心里的变化。例如《不朽颂》(Intimations of Immortality)就涉及了某些我们在许多早期诗人那里——例如邓恩与沃恩以及布莱克——遇到过的问题:人的灵魂刚刚降临尘世时还带着一丝天然喜悦与上帝赐予的内在欢乐,但是这份欢乐却会被日复一日的生存缓慢而又无情地活活扼杀。华兹华斯关于这一点的慨叹可谓无出其右。说老实话,自从这首诗之后,其他人再也用不着针对这个话题再说些什么了:
There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream,
The earth, and every common sight,
To me did seem
Apparell'd in celestial light,
The glory and the freshness of a dream.
It is not now as it hath been of yore; --
Turn wheresoe'er I may,
By night or day,
The things which I have seen I now can see no more.
曾几何时,草地、溪流还有果树,
这大地,以及每一样平常景象,
在我眼里似乎
都披着天光,
这荣耀,梦的开始.
只是现在已非从前;——
我环视四野,
白天黑夜,
再也见不到昔日之所见.
The rainbow comes and goes,
And lovely is the rose;
The moon doth with delight
Look round her when the heavens are bare;
Waters on a starry night
Are beautiful and fair;
The sunshine is a glorious birth;
But yet I know, where'er I go,
That there hath pass'd away a glory from the earth.
彩虹去了又来,
玫瑰依然可爱,
欢快的月亮
环视四周,天宇寥廓无蔽,
星夜的汪洋
散发着动人美丽;
初生的太阳辉煌灿烂;
但无论在哪里,我已明瞭
有一种荣耀已永离了人间.
Now, while the birds thus sing a joyous song,
And while the young lambs bound
As to the tabor's sound,
To me alone there came a thought of grief:
A timely utterance gave that thought relief,
And I again am strong.
The cataracts blow their trumpets from the steep; --
No more shall grief of mine the season wrong:
I hear the echoes through the mountains throng,
The winds come to me from the fields of sleep,
And all the earth is gay;
Land and sea
Give themselves up to jollity,
And with the heart of May
Doth every beast keep holiday; --
Thou child of joy,
Shout round me; let me hear thy shouts, thou happy Shepherd boy!
如今,鸟雀们的欢唱依旧
羊羔们蹦跳依旧
像叮咚不停的手鼓,
唯独我,萌生一缕哀思:
旋即的言说可以阻挡它的郁积,
于是我再次尝试坚强:
瀑布自悬崖吹起他们的号角;
我的哀思焉能再错失这季节的流光.
我听见回声在群山间流荡,
来自沉睡原野的风朝我呼啸,
大地一派欢欣;
地和海
在沉醉中放浪了形骸,
怀着五月之心,
每一头牲畜都置身节庆:——
你,欢乐之子,
在我身边呼喊吧,让我听你的喊声,你这幸福的牧羊少年.
Ye blessed creatures, I have heard the call
Ye to each other make; I see
The heavens laugh with you in your jubilee;
My heart is at your festival,
My head hath its coronal,
The fullness of your bliss, I feel -- I feel it all.
O evil day! if I were sullen
While Earth herself is adorning
This sweet May morning;
And the children are pulling
On every side,
In a thousand valleys far and wide,
Fresh flowers; while the sun shines warm,
And the babe leaps up on his mother's arm: --
I hear, I hear, with joy I hear!
-- But there's a tree, of many, one,
A single field which I have look'd upon,
Both of them speak of something that is gone:
The pansy at my feet
Doth the same tale repeat:
Whither is fled the visionary gleam?
Where is it now, the glory and the dream?
你们有福的造物,我听见
你们彼此的呼唤;我看到
在你们的庆典上诸天也一同欢笑;
我的心融进你们的欢宴,
我的头顶自有它的花冠.
你们的幸福满盈,我有——我有全然的体验.
哦不幸的日子!倘若我愁苦
而大地正忙于装点,
这甜美的五月晨间,
孩子们正在摘选
鲜花;在四面八方,
在宽阔辽远的一千个山谷中;
阳光温暖,
婴儿欢腾在母亲的臂弯:——
我听见,我听见,我笑着听见!
——但是,众树中却有一树,
还有我曾打量过的孤独旷野,
他们一起诉说着,某些事物的殄灭:
三色堇在脚边
重复同样的流言:
那如幻的光辉逃到哪里去了?
那荣耀和梦境,现在哪里去了?
Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting;
The Soul that rises with us, our life's Star,
Hath had elsewhere its setting
And cometh from afar;
Not in entire forgetfulness,
And not in utter nakedness,
But trailing clouds of glory do we come
From God, who is our home:
Heaven lies about us in our infancy!
Shades of the prison-house begin to close
Upon the growing Boy,
But he beholds the light, and whence it flows,
He sees it in his joy;
The Youth, who daily farther from the east
Must travel, still is Nature's priest,
And by the vision splendid
Is on his way attended;
At length the Man perceives it die away,
And fade into the light of common day.
我们的出生,只是沉睡和遗忘:
共我们升起的灵,生命的大星,
本已坠往另一个地方,
又自远处莅临;
不是完全的失忆,
又非绝对的白纸,
曳着荣耀之云,我们是
从上帝那边来的孩子:
天堂迤逦在我们的幼年!
而那监牢的阴影会慢慢
把少年人围拢,
但他看到那光,和它的源泉,
他见了就兴意冲冲;
青年人渐离了东方,
他必得漫游,尚能将自然颂扬.
他的旅途依然
为瑰丽的想象所陪伴。
最终,这灵光黯淡于成年人的视野,
并在寻常的日光中消灭。【杨德豫译】
华兹华斯让我们看到,在这个政治动荡的时代,越发自信的个人主义正在植根于英国人的想象。爱说怪话的人们或许会声称英国人变得不爱社交了,英国文明变得更加内向了。对于法国大革命的热血支持者、青年时期的华兹华斯来说,这个念头想必十分吓人。
说老实话,对于本书这样通过诗歌分析国民性的项目来说,华兹华斯有一项比其他诗人更值得研究的优势:他在描绘自己内心的同时也顺带勾勒出了国民情绪的更广泛变迁。当大革命理念刚刚在英国传播开来时,华兹华斯的诗歌洋溢着对于兄弟情谊的慷慨信念,尽管看上去似乎有点幼稚;随着大革命的深入发展,他的诗歌也逐渐采取了更加紧张且爱国的立场并且表达了针对流血的厌恶。简而言之,英国人起初陷入革命狂热时,华兹华斯一马当先;后来英国人尴尬地转向了反革命立场时,华兹华斯依旧一马当先。大革命刚开始时华兹华斯正好身在法国,并且还落入了爱河。日后他在《素描集》(Descriptive Sketches Taken During A Pedestrian Tour Among The Alps)当中写到了这段经历。这首长诗在1793年1月与英国读者见面,此时路易十六国王刚刚被砍头,不久后英法两国就要开战。因此人们觉得这首诗的内容有叛国之嫌。结果华兹华斯、他妹妹多萝西以及他的朋友柯勒律治都遭到了英国政府密探的监视。
And oh, fair France! though now the traveller sees
Thy three-striped banner fluctuate on the breeze;
Though martial songs have banished songs of love,
And nightingales desert the village grove,
Scared by the fife and rumbling drum's alarms,
And the short thunder, and the flash of arms;
That cease not till night falls, when far and nigh,
Sole sound, the Sourd prolongs his mournful cry!
- Yet, hast thou found that Freedom spreads her power
Beyond the cottage-hearth, the cottage-door:
All nature smiles, and owns beneath her eyes
Her fields peculiar, and peculiar skies...
- But foes are gathering- Liberty must raise
Red on the hills her beacon's far-seen blaze;
Must bid the tocsin ring from tower to tower! -
Nearer and nearer comes the trying hour!
Rejoice, brave Land, though pride's perverted ire
Rouse hell's own aid, and wrap thy fields in fire:
Lo, from the flames a great and glorious birth;
As if a new-made heaven were hailing a new earth!
啊,美好的法国!尽管现在旅人看到
你的三色旗在微风中舒展飘摇,
尽管嘹亮军歌将缠绵情歌流放,
村镇的树丛里再没有夜莺歌唱,
吓人的军笛与军鼓吓跑了它们,
枪炮声若惊雷,还有雪亮白刃;
直到夜幕降临方才消停,此时在远方
传来唯一的声音,一个聋子拖长了哭腔!
——但是,假如你发现自由扩展了她的力量,
超越了小小村镇的门户与炉膛,
自然的一切都会微笑,就在她的眼中,
独一无二的田野,独一无二的天空……
——但是敌人正在集结——自由必须应战
远山的烽火遥遥一点赤红灿烂;
告警的钟声传遍了一座座塔楼,
步步逼近的正是紧要试炼关头!
欢庆吧,勇敢的土地,尽管傲慢的扭曲凶性
烧遍了你的原野,还发动地狱为自己助阵:
哦,伟大而光荣的新生将会来自熊熊烈焰;
恰似崭新的天堂将崭新的人间呼唤!
日后回顾这段时光,华兹华斯无出其右地描写了自己在青年时期被大革命改造社会的可能性熊熊灼烧的激动心境。请看《起初热情追随者眼中的法国大革命》(The French Revolution as It Appeared to Enthusiasts at Its Commencement)。
Oh! pleasant exercise of hope and joy!
For mighty were the auxiliars which then stood
Upon our side, we who were strong in love!
Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,
But to be young was very heaven!—Oh! times,
In which the meagre, stale, forbidding ways
Of custom, law, and statute, took at once
The attraction of a country in romance!
When Reason seemed the most to assert her rights,
When most intent on making of herself
A prime Enchantress—to assist the work
Which then was going forward in her name!
Not favoured spots alone, but the whole earth,
The beauty wore of promise, that which sets
(As at some moment might not be unfelt
Among the bowers of paradise itself)
The budding rose above the rose full blown.
What temper at the prospect did not wake
To happiness unthought of? The inert
Were roused, and lively natures rapt away!
哦!希望与喜乐的愉悦运作!
多么雄伟的支柱,曾经矗立在
我们身旁,我们曾经深陷热恋!
能够活在那样的清晨是何等福祉,
但是青春才是真正的天堂!——哦!时间啊,
在这其中贫乏、陈腐、禁忌重重的老一套
习俗、律法与规范,一把夺走了
这个浪漫之国的魅力!
当理性看似最能主张她的权利时,
当她最有意将自己塑造成为
强大的魔女——从而从旁辅助
正以她的名义进行的事业时!
大地各处,而不是受到偏爱的角落
身披希冀的美丽,种下了
(有时在天堂的树荫下
或许不会感觉不到)
含苞欲放的玫瑰,压过了盛放的玫瑰。
面对这样的前景,怎样的脾性才不会
在未曾想过的幸福当中醒来?惰性
遭到激发,鲜活的自然振奋向前!
雅各宾派发起的大革命带来了波及面极其广泛的大屠杀,不仅皇室与贵族人头落地,而且就连神父、修女以及许多单纯的政坛失势者也丢了性命,英国的氛围从此为之一变。接下来拿破仑.波拿巴的独裁统治与欧陆战争进一步加深了英国人的反法情绪。很多诗人都因为自己曾经的政治观点而感到尴尬并且转而支持保守派政府,华兹华斯也不例外。他的朋友罗伯特.骚塞就转换了立场。克莱尔宣称自己支持“国王与国家”。甚至就连彭斯都报名参加了保皇派民兵并且创作了一首爱国主义反法歌曲。但是他们的转换全都不像华兹华斯那样激烈且全心全意。他开始为教会创作十四行诗,开始支持死刑,还在例如《责任颂》(Ode to Duty)之类的诗歌里毫无保留地贬斥了早年的自己:
STERN Daughter of the Voice of God!
O Duty! if that name thou love
Who art a light to guide, a rod
To check the erring, and reprove;
Thou, who art victory and law
When empty terrors overawe;
From vain temptations dost set free;
And clam'st the weary strife of frail humanity!
铁面的女神,源自上帝之声!
啊,责任!如果你爱这种声名,
你是一盏指路明灯,
又是鞭笞错误的杖,从不留情;
面对空洞的恐怖威力
你就是律法,你就是胜利;
你释除徒劳的诱惑,稳定人心,
安抚了孱弱人类的无尽纠纷!
There are who ask not if thine eye
Be on them; who, in love and truth,
Where no misgiving is, rely
Upon the genial sense of youth:
Glad Hearts! without reproach or blot;
Who do thy work, and know it not:
Oh! if through confidence misplaced
They fail, thy saving arms, dread Power! around them cast.
有些人并不关心是否被你的
目光注视;在没有疑惧的爱
与真理当中,将温和的
青春年华的感受依赖:
快乐的心!没有蒙受污点或羞耻,
屡行自己的职务,而又不自知:
啊!如果他们因为误置的信心而遭遇失利,
威赫的力量!你将向他们伸出救助的双臂。
Serene will be our days and bright,
And happy will our nature be,
When love is an unerring light,
And joy its own security.
And they a blissful course may hold
Even now, who, not unwisely bold,
Live in the spirit of this creed;
Yet seek thy firm support, according to their need.
平和将会是我们的朗朗白日,
而追求幸福是我们的本性,
爱情的光明将会毫无过失,
欢乐将能保障自身的安定。
而他们可以坚持有福的道路,
即便在今日,也并不会不管不顾,
他们生活在这一教条的精神当中;
却还会依照需要,寻求你坚实的支撑。
I, loving freedom, and untried,
No sport of every random gust,
Yet being to myself a guide,
Too blindly have reposed my trust;
And oft, when in my heart was heard
Thy timely mandate, I deferred
The task, in smoother walks to stray;
But thee I now would serve more strictly, if I may.
我,热爱自由,天真单纯;
四起的狂风并不能让我丧失分寸,
但是我贸然担当了自己的领路人,
也曾盲目地托付自己的信任;
一次又一次,当我在心中听到
你的适时指令,总是置之一笑,
搪塞你的嘱托,脚下不停地走上歧路;
如今我要更严格地侍奉你,愿你将我看护。
Through no disturbance of my soul,
Or strong compunction in me wrought,
I supplicate for thy control,
But in the quietness of thought;
Me this unchartered freedom tires;
I feel the weight of chance desires,
My hopes no more must change their name,
I long for a repose that ever is the same.
我的灵魂当中全无嘈杂,
愧疚并未纠缠我的斗争,
我祈求你将我严加管辖,
我的思想始终沉静无声:
我倦于未经许可的自由不羁;
我感到沉重的欲念忽而源起;
我的希望再不能仅仅改名换姓,
我渴望得到永恒不易的安定。
Stern lawgiver! yet thou dost wear
The Godhead’s most benignant grace;
Nor know we any thing so fair
As is the smile upon thy face;
Flowers laugh before thee on their beds,
And fragrance in thy footing treads;
Thou dost preserve the stars from wrong;
And the most ancient heavens, through thee, are fresh and strong.
严厉的立法者!但你仍然显现
神性最仁慈的恩典;
我们不知道还能有哪般
美丽比得上你的笑脸:
在你的面前盛开朵朵鲜花,
你踏足的香径弥漫芳华;
你捍卫群星抵御不义;
而最古老的天国,通过你,仍然新鲜有力。
To humbler functions, awful power!
I call thee: I myself commend
Unto thy guidance from this hour;
Oh, let my weakness have an end!
Give unto me, made lowly wise,
The spirit of self-sacrifice;
The confidence of reason give;
And in the light of truth thy bondman let me live!
可畏的权柄!我向你祈祷:
眷顾孱弱的官能,从此刻开始,
我将自己完全托付给你的引导,
噢,使我的软弱就此终止!
赐予愚昧人的智慧,也求你给我一份
求你赏赐我自我牺牲的精神;
让我因为理性而自信自立;
让我在真理光辉之下作你仆役。【参考了安东网友与凌风网友的译文】
创作这首诗的时候,华兹华斯已经成为了国家级的文豪,日后还会进一步获得桂冠诗人的殊荣。他不仅高寿,而且出言无忌,因此他的政治观点很有影响力,尤其因为在滑铁卢大战之后英国经历了广泛的政治动荡与压迫。华兹华斯的政治转向令他的许多朋友们都感到骇然,这些人在拿破仑战争期间始终都是热切的共和派。珀西.比希.雪莱就在《致华兹华斯》(To Wordsworth)一诗中抒发了自己的悲哀:
Poet of Nature, thou hast wept to know
That things depart which never may return:
Childhood and youth, friendship and love’s first glow,
Have fled like sweet dreams, leaving thee to mourn.
These common woes I feel. One loss is mine
Which thou too feel’st, yet I alone deplore.
Thou wert as a lone star, whose light did shine
On some frail bark in winter’s midnight roar:
Thou hast like to a rock-built refuge stood
Above the blind and battling multitude:
In honoured poverty thy voice did weave
Songs consecrate to truth and liberty,—
Deserting these, thou leavest me to grieve,
Thus having been, that thou shouldst cease to be.
赞美自然的诗人,你禁不住落泪,
谙知万物离去将再不复回。
童年、青春、友情与光辉的初恋,
宛如美梦消逝,只留你徒劳伤叹。
我熟悉此类常见愁烦,但我的损失
尽管你也有同感,却只有我感到惋惜。
你,一颗孤独的星辰,熠熠放光,
照射着冬夜怒海里的浮舟冷桨。
你也曾像避难所,用岩石层层堆砌
在盲目纷争的人海之中屹立;
在光荣的困苦中,你曾经高歌低吟,
把你的歌献给真理与自由之神——
你现已抛弃这些,留下我独自哀伤,
如今的你已经再也不复旧日时光。【黎历、杨熙龄等译,有修改】
批评归批评,雪莱这首诗毕竟还是承认了华兹华斯的伟大。因此就这样酸溜溜地结束对于华兹华斯的介绍未免有些不太厚道。要说起在十八世纪末的英国生活究竟是怎样一番感受,华兹华斯笔下最杰出的诗歌当属永远青葱的自传长诗《序曲》(Prelude),诗人通过这首诗追忆了自己在湖区度过的少年时光。他的童年无忧无虑,终日徜徉在大自然的怀抱里,时而野游,时而泛舟,时而溜冰:
And in the frosty season, when the sun
Was set, and, visible for many a mile,
The cottage windows through the twilight blazed,
I heeded not the summons: happy time
It was indeed for all of us; for me
It was a time of rapture. Clear and loud
The village clock tolled six. I wheel’d about,
Proud and exulting, like an untired horse
That cares not for its home. All shod with steel,
We hiss’d along the polish’d ice in games
Confederate, imitative of the chase
And woodland pleasures,—the resounding horn,
The pack loud-bellowing, and the hunted hare.
So through the darkness and the cold we flew,
And not a voice was idle: with the din
Meanwhile the precipices rang aloud;
The leafless trees and every icy crag
Tingled like iron; while the distant hills
Into the tumult sent an alien sound
Of melancholy, not unnoticed, while the stars,
Eastward, were sparkling clear, and in the west
The orange sky of evening died away.
还有那冰冷的冬日,当太阳已经
落下,遥远处可见农舍的窗子,
都在茫茫微明中送来家中的
情炽,我完全不顾它的召唤
这是我们大家的幸福时刻,是我
个人的纵情之时!村里的钟声
敲响六次,清晰而洪亮,我四处
飞旋,欢欣雀跃,像一匹小马,
不愿归厩,不倦地奔驰。我们
脚踩冰刀,在光洁的冰面上刻画,
分帮结伙,模仿林中的游戏
或那狩猎的阵势——号角嘹亮,
和声激荡,兔子在前面窜逃。
就这样,我们在夜色和寒气中纵肆
每人的喉咙都不甘闲置。喧声中,
悬崖峭壁高声响应,裸木,
枯枝与每一块覆冰的岩石都如
生铁,锒铛作响;远方的山丘
则给这喧闹送回异样的声音,
不难觉察它的忧伤,而在此时,
东方的星光晶莹闪烁,西天
桔红的余辉却已完全消逝。【丁宏为译】
从历史学家的视角审视过去,我们很容易片面关注较早时代的生活不便与社会不公等等,华兹华斯则为这种倾向提供了一记解药。他提醒我们,在一个更空旷、更新鲜的英国,人们也能比后世玩得更加尽兴:
We were a noisy crew, the sun in heaven
Beheld not vales more beautiful than ours,
Nor saw a race in happiness and joy
More worthy of the ground where they were sown.
I would record with no reluctant voice
The woods of autumn and their hazel bowers
With milk-white clusters hung; the rod and line,
True symbol of the foolishness of hope,
Which with its strong enchantment led us on
By rocks and pools, shut out from every star
All the green summer, to forlorn cascades
Among the windings of the mountain brooks.
—Unfading recollections! at this hour
The heart is almost mine with which I felt
From some hill-top, on sunny afternoons
The Kite high up among the fleecy clouds
Pull at its rein, like an impatient Courser,
Or, from the meadows sent on gusty days,
Beheld her breast the wind, then suddenly
Dash'd headlong; and rejected by the storm.
我们是嘈杂的一伙。天上的太阳
未见过哪个山谷比我们的更美妙,
哪群人能比我们更幸福欢乐,
或更能让脚下的大地为之骄傲。
我会欣然记述那金秋时的森林
和林中一簇簇垂着奶白色果实的
榛木;还有渔竿、渔线---恰切地
象征着企盼之愚蠢,但我们并未
责问垂钓的乐趣,却在强烈的
诱惑下沿不见星光的山石与水泊,
找到隐秘的弯弯山溪间那些
孤零零的落瀑,度过整整一个
夏季的绿色时刻。历历在目的
往事!时至今日,似乎仍能以
相同的心情感觉到那纸糊的风筝
从山顶上高高飞起,在午后的阳光中
伴着如絮的白云,恰似欲挣脱的
烈驹;或见她在劲风的日子里飞离
草地,逆风挺进,忽又一头
栽下,终为薄情的风暴抛落。【丁宏为译】
华兹华斯毕生的挚友、对手以及战友是来自德文郡的塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治。就像华兹华斯一样,柯勒律治早年也是个革命派,一度曾计划前往美国宾夕法尼亚州建立一个互助社区,借此逃避英国生活的规范与限制。与华兹华斯不同,柯勒律治的诗歌极少涉及政治。但是一旦涉及了政治,他的笔锋甚至要比华兹华斯更加凶残。十八世纪九十年代末正值小皮特政府掌权,这届政府向法国保皇派在旺底发动的叛乱提供了军事支持并且导致了血腥的后果。柯勒律治为此创作了《烈火、饥荒与屠杀:战争牧歌》(Fire, Famine and Slaughter: A War Eclogue)一诗。在以下选段当中,屠杀告诉自己的两位好姐妹烈火与饥荒,是皮特首相打发她过来的:
Slau: He came by stealth, and unlocked my den,
And I have drunk the blood since then
Of thrice three hundred thousand men.
Both: Who bade you do it ?
Slau: The same! the same !
Letters four do form his name.
He let me loose, and cried Halloo!
To him alone the praise is due.
Fam: Thanks, sister, thanks! the men have bled,
Their wives and their children faint for bread.
I stood in a swampy field of battle ;
With bones and skulls I made a rattle,
To frighten the wolf and carrion-crow
And the homeless dog--but they would not go.
So off I flew: for how could I bear
To see them gorge their dainty fare ?
屠:他鬼鬼祟祟地前来,解锁了我的房门,
然后我就开怀痛饮,鲜血不离唇,
份量足足有三倍的三十万人。
烈/饥:谁下的命令?
屠:还是他!还是他!
那个四字母的名字着实堪夸!*
他释放我大杀四方,还高呼干的真棒!
所有的赞美都要归于他的头上!
饥:谢谢姐妹!让人流血滔滔,
他们的妻儿纷纷晕厥,因为吃不上面包。
我站在血泥遍地的战场,
将白骨踢得咯啦啦作响,
却吓不退食腐的乌鸦与饿狼
以及无家的野犬——只想填饱肚肠。
我只得赶紧飞走,实在不忍直视
这帮大嚼的食客吃相多么雅致!
*【既皮特(Pitt)】
柯勒律治的笔锋一发而不可收——尽管日后他向小皮特首相表示了歉意。这首诗的批判范围还进一步覆盖了1797年叛乱之后英国政府针对爱尔兰的野蛮镇压。这一次开腔的是烈火:
Fire: Sisters! I from Ireland came!
Hedge and corn-fields all on flame,
I triumph'd o'er the setting sun!
And all the while the work was done,
On as I strode with my huge strides,
I flung back my head and I held my sides,
It was so rare a piece of fun
To see the sweltered cattle run
With uncouth gallop through the night,
Scared by the red and noisy light!
By the light of his own blazing cot
Was many a naked Rebel shot:
The house-stream met the flame and hissed,
While crash! fell in the roof, I wist,
On some of those old bed-rid nurses,
That deal in discontent and curses.
烈:姐妹们!我来自爱尔兰!
我将树篱与玉米地全都点燃!
太阳落山后,我还在将天地照亮,
我干起活来任凭谁也赶不上,
我甩开双腿向前迈出大步,
昂首挺胸开辟出一条道路;
这么搞笑的乐子实属罕见,
眼看入夜后的牛群吓得乱窜,
粗笨的牛蹄蹬踏彻夜响个不停,
哔啵响的火光把它们吓得不行!
多少反贼的床铺也难免熊熊燃烧,
他们未及穿衣蔽体就被一枪报销:
房前溪水遇到火焰,烧得滋滋怪叫
与此同时屋顶塌落!我知道
屋顶下躺着好些老妪常年卧床,
她们临死前的咒骂多么凄惶。
柯勒律治对于华兹华斯的影响很深。两人一度都曾与革命激情密不可分,此外柯勒律治也华兹华斯一样有些不适应生活环境。日后他在闭塞的农村地区自行隐居了下来,这样做是谨慎之举。在交通基础设施尚不发达的那个时代,他们眼中的英国想必远比今天更为广大,当时的偏远地区也肯定远比今天更令人感到偏远。在《午夜霜》(Frost at Midnight)一诗中,柯勒律治将读者们带回了很久以前德文郡的一个暗夜,并且邀请大家蜷坐在他与熟睡的子女身边休息片刻:
The Frost performs its secret ministry,
Unhelped by any wind. The owlet's cry
Came loud—and hark, again! loud as before.
The inmates of my cottage, all at rest,
Have left me to that solitude, which suits
Abstruser musings: save that at my side
My cradled infant slumbers peacefully.
'Tis calm indeed! so calm, that it disturbs
And vexes meditation with its strange
And extreme silentness. Sea, hill, and wood,
This populous village! Sea, and hill, and wood,
With all the numberless goings-on of life,
Inaudible as dreams! the thin blue flame
Lies on my low-burnt fire, and quivers not;
Only that film, which fluttered on the grate,
Still flutters there, the sole unquiet thing.
Methinks, its motion in this hush of nature
Gives it dim sympathies with me who live,
Making it a companionable form,
Whose puny flaps and freaks the idling Spirit
By its own moods interprets, every where
Echo or mirror seeking of itself,
And makes a toy of Thought.
寒霜履行着它的秘密使命,
不借助半丝风力。小枭的叫声很尖厉
——听,又来了!跟上次一样。
我住的村舍里,大家全都安静了,
把我留给了寂寞,寂寞,适宜于
更深的沉思:只是,在我的身旁,
我的婴儿在襁褓里安然酣睡着。
真安静!安静到这样,竟然能干扰、
能打断我的冥想,由于那奇怪的、
极度的岑寂。大海,山岳,树木,
人烟稠密的村庄!海岳,森林,
人世间无穷无尽的纷纭扰攘,
梦一样悄无声息!淡蓝的轻焰
倚着将尽的炉火,一动也不动;
只有那飘在炉栅上面的淡烟,
仍然袅动着,是惟一不知安静的。
无声的宇宙间,只有它在运动,而我
依然清醒,它恰好与我相伴,
也许在暗地里与我交流感情,
闲游的精灵按照自己的心态
解释淡烟的飘动和奇形怪状,
到处寻觅自己的回声和映像,
凭遐想而逸兴遄飞。 【屠岸译】
至少在较短的一个时期内,柯勒律治与华兹华斯的关系可谓焦不离孟,以至于我们几乎不可能分清究竟是谁对谁的影响更大。但是柯勒律治不容于世界的疏离感至少也像湖畔诗人一样强烈。在笔者看来,《消沉:一首颂歌》(Dejection:an Ode)表明柯勒律治对于这种感受的表达更高一筹。笔者刚才提到过,柯勒律治的诗歌当中的政治倾向并不像华兹华斯那样显著。但是浪漫主义疏离感本身就是一种政治观点,在海涅与舒伯特这样的欧陆激进派身上同样能够得见。对于艺术家来说,疏离就意味着拒绝接受事物的既成状态:
A grief without a pang, void, dark, and drear,
A stifled, drowsy, unimpassioned grief,
Which finds no natural outlet, no relief,
In word, or sigh, or tear—
O Lady! in this wan and heartless mood,
To other thoughts by yonder throstle woo'd,
All this long eve, so balmy and serene,
Have I been gazing on the western sky,
And its peculiar tint of yellow green:
And still I gaze—and with how blank an eye!
And those thin clouds above, in flakes and bars,
That give away their motion to the stars;
Those stars, that glide behind them or between,
Now sparkling, now bedimmed, but always seen:
Yon crescent Moon, as fixed as if it grew
In its own cloudless, starless lake of blue;
I see them all so excellently fair,
I see, not feel, how beautiful they are!
My genial spirits fail;
And what can these avail
To lift the smothering weight from off my breast?
It were a vain endeavour,
Though I should gaze for ever
On that green light that lingers in the west:
I may not hope from outward forms to win
The passion and the life, whose fountains are within.
一种无疼痛的痛苦,空虚,黑暗,枯郁,
一种窒息,昏倦,无激情的痛苦,
在言辞,叹息,或泪水中无法寻到
天然的出路,也无解脱—
哦,女士!在这苍白而麻木的心境中,
远方的画眉招来了另一种思绪,
整个漫长的黄昏,宜人又安详,
一直以来我凝望着西边的天空,
以及它黄绿色的奇异色调:
此刻我仍在凝望—用一种木然的眼神!
还有上空这些薄薄的云,成块成缕,
他们为星星乍现自己的形姿;
那些星星,在云后或云间滑翔,
时而闪耀,时而昏糊,但总是可见:
那边新月牢牢固定,仿佛它
生长于自己无云无星的蓝湖;
我看到它们全部极其善美,
我看到,而非感受到它们多么美丽!
我的精神天生衰颓;
还有什么能帮助
从我胸口掀开这块令人窒息的重负?
这是徒劳的努力,
尽管我应永远凝望
那道流连西天的绿色光芒:
我或许不该求助外界的光景
去赢得源自内心的热情与生命。【L网友译】
与华兹华斯不同,柯勒律治应对疏离感的方式是创造完全属于自己的世界。首次出版于《歌谣集》的《古舟子咏》(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)与1797年创作的幻觉诗歌《忽必烈汗》(Kubla Khan)都以各自的方式反映了世纪之交的现实英国。惊险的航海故事与中国的探索传说在当时的英国很流行,但是柯勒律治却借助宛如魔法的音律掌控力将这两者都转换成了质地更丰富、气质更诡异的另类存在。以下诗章节选自前者,描绘了海上航船被诅咒魇住动弹不得之后的景象。即便对于当时最聪明最有知识的头脑来说,这个世界依然充满了神秘与威胁:
All in a hot and copper sky,
The bloody Sun, at noon,
Right up above the mast did stand,
No bigger than the Moon.
“正午血红的太阳,高悬在
灼热的铜黄色的天上,
正好直射着桅杆的尖顶,
大小不过像一个月亮。
Day after day, day after day,
We stuck, nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
“过了一天,又是一天,
我们停滞在海上无法动弹;
就像一幅画中的航船,
停在一幅画中的海面。
And the Albatross begins to be avenged.
Water, water, every where,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, every where,
Nor any drop to drink.
“水呵水,到处都是水,
船上的甲板却在干涸;
水呵水,到处都是水,
却没有一滴能解我焦渴。
The very deep did rot: O Christ!
That ever this should be!
Yea, slimy things did crawl with legs
Upon the slimy sea.
“大海本身在腐烂,呵上帝!
这景象实在令人心悸!
一些长着腿的粘滑的东西,
在粘滑的海面上爬来爬去。
About, about, in reel and rout
The death-fires danced at night;
The water, like a witch's oils,
Burnt green, and blue and white.
“到了夜晚死火出现在海上,
在我们四周旋舞飞扬;
而海水好似女巫的毒油,
燃着青白碧绿的幽光。【译者不详】
《古舟子咏》与《忽必烈汗》的重要性不只在于它们是两首最伟大的英国幻想诗歌,而且还在于它们将会激励一代代后世诗人去营造属于自己的、同样光怪陆离的幻想世界,通过语言来逃避城市化、商业化且单调无聊的十九世纪英国生活现实。不过谁也赶不上柯勒律治的水平:
In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
A stately pleasure-dome decree:
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea.
忽必列汗在上都曾经
下令造一座堂皇的安乐殿堂:
这地方有圣河亚佛流奔,
穿过深不可测的洞门,
直流入不见阳光的海洋。
So twice five miles of fertile ground
With walls and towers were girdled round:
And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,
Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;
And here were forests ancient as the hills,
Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.
有方圆五英里肥沃的土壤,
四周给围上楼塔和城墙:
那里有花园,蜿蜒的溪河在其间闪耀,
园里树枝上鲜花盛开,一片芬芳;
这里有森林,跟山峦同样古老,
围住了洒满阳光的一块块青草草场。
But oh! that deep romantic chasm which slanted
Down the green hill athwart a cedarn cover!
A savage place! as holy and enchanted
As e'er beneath a waning moon was haunted
By woman wailing for her demon-lover!
但是,啊!那深沉而奇异的巨壑
沿青山斜裂,横过伞盖的柏树!
野蛮的地方,既神圣而又着了魔--
好象有女人在衰落的月色里出没,
为她的魔鬼情郎而凄声嚎哭!
And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething,
As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,
A mighty fountain momently was forced:
Amid whose swift half-intermitted burst
Huge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,
Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail:
And 'mid these dancing rocks at once and ever
It flung up momently the sacred river.
巨壑下,不绝的喧嚣在沸腾汹涌,
似乎这土地正喘息在快速而猛烈的悸动中,
从这巨壑里,不断迸出股猛烈的地泉;
在它那断时续的涌迸之间,
巨大的石块飞跃着象反跳的冰雹,
或者象打稻人连枷下一撮撮新稻;
从这些舞蹈的岩石中,时时刻刻
迸发出那条神圣的溪河。
Five miles meandering with a mazy motion
Through wood and dale the sacred river ran,
Then reached the caverns measureless to man,
And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean:
And 'mid this tumult Kubla heard from far
Ancestral voices prophesying war!
迷乱地移动着,蜿蜒了五英里地方,
那神圣的溪河流过了峡谷和森林,
于是到达了深不可测的洞门,
在喧嚣中沉入了没有生命的海洋;
从那喧嚣中忽必列远远听到
祖先的喊声预言着战争的凶兆!
The shadow of the dome of pleasure
Floated midway on the waves;
Where was heard the mingled measure
From the fountain and the caves.
It was a miracle of rare device,
A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!
安乐的宫殿有倒影
宛在水波的中央漂动;
这儿能听见和谐的音韵
来自那地泉和那岩洞。
这是个奇迹呀,算得是稀有的技巧,
阳光灿烂的安乐宫,连同那雪窟冰窖!【屠岸译】
第二代浪漫主义诗人的领军人物是约翰.济慈,他有意识地应和了华兹华斯的风格,与此同时又对前辈的政治立场感到绝望。后来他定居在伦敦北部,与柯勒律治分别住在汉普特斯西斯地区的两边,由此也结识了后者。济慈在二十五岁就英年早逝,认真投入诗歌创作的时间只有六年,生前饱受评论家们的嘲笑。直到维多利亚时代他的风评才转向正面,被人们当成了终极浪漫派,莎士比亚以来最受爱戴的诗人。如果要从社会角度解读济慈的诗歌,关键词是“不安全感”。济慈的父亲是一位马夫,后来改行成为了伦敦某酒馆的店老板。济慈十四岁那年就父母双亡沦为了孤儿,此后一直穷困拮据直至去世。他的第一份工作是行医,在伦敦接受了培训。但是因为决心要成为诗人,他从未正经给别人看过病。能以一言判定诗人声誉的士绅阶层文论家们很不待见济慈,抨击他出身低微,讥讽他不如趁早改行去化学用品商店当伙计。他们觉得他的感性风格低俗冒犯,属于典型的下里巴人风格。此外济慈的政治观点大概也妨碍了他的作品得到时人的接受。他是个激进共和派,尽管从未像好友与对手雪莱那样强烈表达过自己的主张。
对于英国诗歌史而言,济慈的出身背景之所以重要,是因为济慈对于这一切做出的反应。简而言之,他效仿柯勒律治的先例,也构建了一个专属他本人的诗歌世界,一片温柔而又懒散的音韵天地,这片天地将会吸引后世无数青少年。在受教育方面济慈的运气不错,他在一所作风自由的学校念书,老师们鼓励他研读前代诗人的作品。诗歌就此成为了专供济慈独享的替代世界,在这里乔叟、但丁、弥尔顿、斯宾塞与查普曼就像他的同代人一样真切。在济慈眼中,现实世界里的十九世纪初的伦敦充斥着势利眼、贫困与疾病。他并不打算将诗歌作为描述身边世界的工具,而是利用诗歌营造了另一个更高尚、更敏感的世界。他继承了华兹华斯的个人主义与专注自我,并将其推向了更极端的地步。无论如何,他都迷倒了十九世纪与二十世纪的无数诗坛后辈。
济慈的影响之所以如此深远,首先是因为他的技艺娴熟,擅长搭配音律与感受。他的这项本领比其他任何人都更完美。当然他的确英年早逝,他的感情生活也的确很悲剧,但是这并不是后世铭记他的主要原因。他的名声之所以历久弥新,关键还是因为他的笔下功夫了得。以下选取的诗文是长诗《恩底弥翁》(Endymion)的开头第一段。这段文字尽管在济慈生前备受抨击,但却奠定了他的“诗歌超越生命”的信条:
A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:
Its loveliness increases; it will never
Pass into nothingness; but still will keep
A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.
Therefore, on every morrow, are we wreathing
A flowery band to bind us to the earth,
Spite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth
Of noble natures, of the gloomy days,
Of all the unhealthy and o'er-darkened ways
Made for our searching: yes, in spite of all,
Some shape of beauty moves away the pall
From our dark spirits. Such the sun, the moon,
Trees old and young, sprouting a shady boon
For simple sheep; and such are daffodils
With the green world they live in; and clear rills
That for themselves a cooling covert make
'Gainst the hot season; the mid forest brake,
Rich with a sprinkling of fair musk-rose blooms:
And such too is the grandeur of the dooms
We have imagined for the mighty dead;
All lovely tales that we have heard or read:
An endless fountain of immortal drink,
Pouring unto us from the heaven's brink.
凡美的事物就是永恒的喜悦:
它的美与日俱增;它永不湮灭,
永不消亡;它永远都会
为我们保留一处幽亭,让我们安睡,
充满了美梦、健康和宁静的呼吸。
于是,每个翌日的清晨,我们编织
绚丽的彩带,把自己跟尘世系牢捆好,
不管失望沮丧,也不管无情之辈如何缺少
高贵的天性,不管愁苦的岁月,
更不管求索途中经历的一切
疾患与晦暗;是的,将所有这些统统抛弃,
某种形式的美终究总会揭去
笼罩我们心灵的黑幕。看那日月升沉,
古木幼树遮蔽着单纯的羊群,
为它们搭起遮荫凉棚;再看水仙摇曳
以及它们生长其间的绿茵世界;
明澈的溪流,为草木提供丝丝凉意
从而抵御炎夏;林中灌木团团集聚
满洒麝香蔷薇的细碎花朵;
伟人的末日也是这样一番结果,
我们想象他们的命运何等壮丽;
这都构成无尽的不朽仙泉,
从天际注入我们的心田。【译者不详,有修改】
这段文字着实令人心醉,但也令读者略感晕眩,隐约暗示济慈并非像他自己期望的那样是一个纯粹的乡间居民。他的田园牧歌描写得并不是百分之百的正宗英国,而是多少带着一丝地中海地区的可疑气息,诗文背后隐隐能看到意大利画家与希腊文人的身影。相比之下约翰.克莱尔才是如假包换的正宗英国乡间住户,而且他显然抱有同样的观点。在克莱尔看来,济慈“往往按照他自己的臆想来描绘自然,而不是按照他亲眼所见的景象——假如他当真见过的话——来描绘自然。”这番批评不能说没有道理,但是并没有把道理说透。以夜莺为例,上一章我们见过了克莱尔如何栩栩如生地描绘真实的夜莺与真实的夜莺巢。相比之下,济慈在《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)当中描绘的夜莺则写意得多。根据诗人自述,他是在一位朋友家的花园里听到夜莺鸣叫之后有感而发创作了这首诗:
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards, had sunk;
'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,
But being too happy in thine happiness ---
That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,
In some melodious plot
Of beechen green and shadows numberless,
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.
我的心在痛,困顿和麻木
刺进了感官,有如饮过毒鸠,
又象是刚刚把鸦片吞服,
于是向着列斯忘川下沉:
并不是我嫉妒你的好运,
而是你的快乐使我太欢欣——
因为在林间嘹亮的天地里,
你呵,轻翅的仙灵,
你躲进山毛榉的葱绿和荫影,
放开歌喉,歌唱着夏季。
O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been
Cooled a long age in the deep-delved earth,
Tasting of Flora and the country green,
Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!
O for a beaker full of the warm South,
Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,
With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,
And purple-strained mouth;
That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,
And with thee fade away into the forest dim;
哎,要是有一口酒!那冷藏
在地下多年的清醇饮料,
一尝就令人想起绿色之邦,
想起花神,恋歌,阳光和舞蹈!
要是有一杯南国的温暖
充满了鲜红的灵感之泉,
杯沿明灭着珍珠的泡沫,
给嘴唇染上紫斑;
哦,我要一饮而离开尘寰,
和你同去幽暗的林中隐没:
Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget
What thou among the leaves hast never known,
The weariness, the fever, and the fret
Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;
Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,
Where youth grows pale, and specter-thin, and dies;
Where but to think is to be full of sorrow
And leaden-eyed despairs,
Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,
Or new Love pine at them beyond tomorrow.
远远地、远远隐没,让我忘掉
你在树叶间从不知道的一切,
忘记这疲劳、热病、和焦躁,
这使人对坐而悲叹的世界;
在这里,青春苍白、消瘦、死亡,
而“瘫痪”有几根白发在摇摆;
在这里,稍一思索就充满了
忧伤和灰色的绝望,
而“美”保持不住明眸的光彩,
新生的爱情活不到明天就枯凋。
Away! away! for I will fly to thee,
Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,
But on the viewless wings of Poesy,
Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:
Already with thee! Tender is the night,
And haply the Queen Moon is on her throne,
Clustered around by all her starry fays;
But here there is no light,
Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown
Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.
去吧!去吧!我要朝你飞去,
不用和酒神坐文豹的车驾,
我要展开诗歌底无形羽翼,
尽管这头脑已经困顿、疲乏;
去了!呵,我已经和你同往!
夜这般温柔,月后正登上宝座,
周围是侍卫她的一群星星;
但这儿却不甚明亮,
除了有一线天光,被微风带过,
葱绿的幽暗,和苔藓的曲径。
I cannot see what flowers are at my feet,
Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs,
But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet
Wherewith the seasonable month endows
The grass, the thicket, and the fruit tree wild;
White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine;
Fast-fading violets covered up in leaves;
And mid-May's eldest child,
The coming musk rose, full of dewy wine,
The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.
我看不出是哪种花草在脚旁,
什么清香的花挂在树枝上;
在温馨的幽暗里,我只能猜想
这个时令该把哪种芬芳
赋予这果树,林莽,和草丛,
这白枳花,和田野的玫瑰,
这绿叶堆中易谢的紫罗兰,
还有五月中旬的娇宠,
这缀满了露酒的麝香蔷薇,
它成了夏夜蚊蚋的嗡萦的港湾。
Darkling I listen; and, for many a time
I have been half in love with easeful Death,
Called him soft names in many a mused rhyme,
To take into the air my quiet breath;
Now more than ever seems it rich to die,
To cease upon the midnight with no pain,
While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad
In such an ecstasy!
Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain ---
To thy high requiem become a sod.
我在黑暗里倾听:呵,多少次
我几乎爱上了静谧的死亡,
我在诗思里用尽了好的言辞,
求他把我的一息散入空茫;
而现在,哦,死更是多么富丽:
在午夜里溘然魂离人间,
当你正倾泻着你的心怀
发出这般的狂喜!
你仍将歌唱,但我却不再听见——
你的葬歌只能唱给泥草一块。
Thou wast not bonr for death, immortal Bird!
No hungry generations tread thee down;
The voice I hear this passing night was heard
In ancient days by emperors and clown;
Perhaps the selfsame song that found a path
Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,
She stood in tears amid the alien corn;
The same that ofttimes hath
Charmed magic casements, opening on the foam
Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.
永生的鸟呵,你不会死去!
饥饿的世代无法将你蹂躏;
今夜,我偶然听到的歌曲
曾使古代的帝王和村夫喜悦;
或许这同样的歌也曾激荡
露丝忧郁的心,使她不禁落泪,
站在异邦的谷田里想着家;
就是这声音常常
在失掉了的仙域里引动窗扉:
一个美女望着大海险恶的浪花。
Forlorn! the very word is like a bell
To toll me back from thee to my sole self!
Adieu! the fancy cannot cheat so well
As she is famed to do, deceiving elf.
Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fades
Past the near meadows, over the still stream,
Up the hilside; and now 'tis buried deep
In the next valley glades.
Was it a vision, or a waking dream?
Fled is that music --- Do I wake or sleep?
呵,失掉了!这句话好比一声钟
使我猛醒到我站脚的地方!
别了!幻想,这骗人的妖童,
不能老耍弄它盛传的伎俩。
别了!别了!你怨诉的歌声
流过草坪,越过幽静的溪水,
溜上山坡;而此时,它正深深
埋在附近的溪谷中:
噫,这是个幻觉,还是梦寐?
那歌声去了:——我是睡?是醒?【穆旦译】
读者们大概必须承认,这首诗并没有描写现实当中的英国,但是诗文的绚烂瑰丽却远远超越了克莱尔能够企及的上限。再举个例子,下面这首诗是克莱尔的《致秋天》(To Autumn),笔者窃以为这首诗堪称技法娴熟且观察细致的杰作:
The thistledown's flying, though the winds are all still,
On the green grass now lying, now mounting the hill,
The spring from the fountain now boils like a pot;
Through stones past the counting it bubbles red-hot.
静悄悄的风中,蓟絮飘过,
落在草地上,荡到小山坡,
喷泉的水像一壶刚沏的热茶,
翻着气泡从卵石间流下。
The ground parched and cracked is like overbaked bread,
The greensward all wracked is, bents dried up and dead.
The fallow fields glitter like water indeed,
And gossamers twitter, flung from weed unto weed.
干裂土地似一块焦黄的烧饼,
耷拉的干草,没有生命的草坪,
闪闪的犁沟,幻觉的水槽,
细细的蛛丝,悬挂在干草枯蒿。
Hill-tops like hot iron glitter bright in the sun,
And the rivers we're eying burn to gold as they run;
Burning hot is the ground, liquid gold is the air;
Whoever looks round sees Eternity there.
骄阳下的山包,似一个个烧红的熨斗,
眼前的小河,像熔化的金属慢慢地流,
炽热的土地,滚烫的空气,
放眼四野,无边无际。【木草堂网友译】
笔者承认,“娴熟”二字说得还是不够公道。单就技法而言这首诗的工整程度在英语作品当中可谓首屈一指。但是常言说不怕不识货就怕货比货,下面是济慈的《秋颂》(Ode to Autumn):
Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,
Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;
Conspiring with him how to load and bless
With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;
To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees,
And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;
To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells
With a sweet kernel; to set budding more,
And still more, later flowers for the bees,
Until they think warm days will never cease,
For summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells.
雾气洋溢、果实圆熟的秋,
你和成熟的太阳成为友伴;
你们密谋用累累的珠球,
缀满茅屋檐下的葡萄藤蔓;
使屋前的老树背负着苹果,
让熟味透进果实的心中,
使葫芦胀大,鼓起了榛子壳,
好塞进甜核;又为了蜜蜂
一次一次开放过迟的花朵,
使它们以为日子将永远暖和,
因为夏季早填满它们的粘巢。
Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?
Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find
Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,
Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;
Or on a half-reap'd furrow sound asleep,
Drows'd with the fume of poppies, while thy hook
Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers:
And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep
Steady thy laden head across a brook;
Or by a cyder-press, with patient look,
Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours.
谁不经常看见你伴着谷仓?
在田野里也可以把你找到,
弥有时随意坐在打麦场上,
让发丝随着簸谷的风轻飘;
有时候,为罂粟花香所沉迷,
你倒卧在收割一半的田垄,
让镰刀歇在下一畦的花旁;
或者.像拾穗人越过小溪,
你昂首背着谷袋,投下倒影,
或者就在榨果架下坐几点钟,
你耐心地瞧着徐徐滴下的酒浆。
Where are the songs of spring? Ay, Where are they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,—
While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,
And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;
Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn
Among the river sallows, borne aloft
Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;
And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;
Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft
The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;
And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.
啊.春日的歌哪里去了?但不要
想这些吧,你也有你的音乐——
当波状的云把将逝的一天映照,
以胭红抹上残梗散碎的田野,
这时啊,河柳下的一群小飞虫
就同奏哀音,它们忽而飞高,
忽而下落,随着微风的起灭;
篱下的蟋蟀在歌唱,在园中
红胸的知更鸟就群起呼哨;
而群羊在山圈里高声默默咩叫;
丛飞的燕子在天空呢喃不歇。【穆旦译】
就像刚才一样,这首诗写得绝对不是英国的乡村,而是全然不同的另一种乡村——济慈描绘的是心境当中的乡村,是看待生命状态的一道视线,是一处由他创造并且永远与读者同在的想象世界。这样看来,济慈之所以能迷倒这么多后世诗人也就不难理解了。
不过并非所有人都吃济慈这一套。乔治.戈登或者说拜伦勋爵就很看不上济慈并且蔑称后者是“那个肮脏的流氓”。今天我们一谈到浪漫主义运动就把这俩人的名字搁在一起搞捆绑销售,这一点只能表明浪漫主义这个标签多么以全概偏。华兹华斯与柯勒律治将诗歌转变成了对于诗人内心的记述,从而以各自的方式改变了英国诗歌的侧重方向。拜伦则在前人的基础上将诗歌推向了全新的极端:他干脆将日常生活当中的他本人投入了诗歌,将自己塑造成了一名浪漫主义诗歌主人公。诗人的生活成为了诗歌的核心。诗人超越了诗歌,或者说起码也将诗歌当成了更宏大的自我投射项目的一部分。更麻烦的是,拜伦最中意的诗坛偶像都是百年前的前辈,例如蒲柏与德莱顿。而且他的生平要比同时代的任何其他诗人都更接近毕生放荡的约翰.威尔莫特。拜伦是十八世纪贵族、复辟“血脉”以及现代激进派的奇妙合体——不过话又说回来,随着老迈的乔治三世陷入了疯狂,让他那位懒散的儿子掌管国政,拜伦这样的混搭风正是摄政时期的主流风气。
拜伦生于1788年,出生地点不详,要么是多佛要么是伦敦。他生得太晚,没来得及赶上法国大革命初期的狂热气氛。他的父亲是一位苏格兰贵族出身的船长,素有一毛不拔且性格粗暴的恶名;他的母亲是一位体态肥硕的继承人,在儿子看来这个女人十分愚蠢。拜伦一生下来就有脚掌畸形的毛病,因此年纪轻轻就投入了体育与猎艳,借以弥补心理欠缺。用他的诸多情妇之一的话来说,拜伦其人“疯狂而又恶劣,认识他非常危险。”与拜伦同为第二代浪漫主义诗人的雪莱认为他这人“极其有趣”,但是同时又惋惜地表示拜伦是暴力与粗俗偏见的奴隶,而且“脑筋不太正常。”
拜伦其人在很多方面都与我们现今时代不谋而合——他惯于利用我们今天所谓的“明星文化”风气来自我炒作,惯于宣讲出格的三俗笑话,公然搞双性恋男女通吃,等等。在更严肃的层面上,他还热衷于为了遥远异国争取自由的斗争而高声鼓与呼。二十世纪三十年代前往西班牙支持共和派势力的英国诗人在某种意义上都是拜伦的继承人,延续了当年拜伦支持希腊人民反抗土耳其帝国的事业——拜伦正是因此才会在1824年英年早逝。拜伦曾经写过皮打皮闹的打油诗,也曾经写过令人心醉的优美诗句,还写过非常搞笑的私人信件。但是我们今天提起拜伦,首先想到的还是他的两部长诗,《恰尔德.哈洛尔德游记》(Childe Harold's Pilgrimage)与《唐璜》(Don Juan)。两部作品都是抑扬格八行体,这种体例松散灵活,在伊丽莎白时代曾经盛行一时。拜伦采用这种体例尽情挥发了自信、高傲而又洒脱的风格,迷倒了无数仰慕者。
仅就诗歌角度而言,读过柯勒律治与华兹华斯的读者们或许会觉得拜伦的风格有点守旧,不过守旧绝不等于保守。拜伦的战斗力极强,公然宣称他看不起龟缩在湖区的第一代浪漫主义诗人。在《唐璜》的开篇献辞当中,拜伦痛骂了背弃激进立场倒向托利党的骚塞,然后又将火力转向了其他几位同行,比方说刚刚开始研究德国形而上学的柯勒律治:
And Coleridge, too, has lately taken wing,
But like a hawk encumber'd with his hood,
Explaining Metaphysics to the nation—
I wish he would explain his Explanation.
最近,请看柯勒律治也展翅而飞,
可惜像朦目的鹰,为眼罩所蔽,
他尽拿一套玄学来向国人解释——
我希望他把“解释”再加以解释。【穆旦译,有修正】
下一个挨刀的是正忙着撰写叙事长诗的华兹华斯:
And Wordsworth, in a rather long "Excursion"
(I think the quarto holds five hundred pages),
Has given a sample from the vasty version
Of his new system to perplex the sages;
'Tis poetry—at least by his assertion,
And may appear so when the dog-star rages—
And he who understands it would be able
To add a story to the Tower of Babel.
华兹华斯写了篇冗长的《漫游》,
(印在四开本上,大约不下五百页,)
为他新创的体系的博大精深
提供了范例,教圣人也难以理解;
这是诗呀——至少他自己这么说;
对,等有一天天狼星祸害到世界,
也许是的。谁若是理解它,就准能
给巴别的通天塔又加高一层。
You—Gentlemen! by dint of long seclusion
From better company, have kept your own
At Keswick, and, through still continu'd fusion
Of one another's minds, at last have grown
To deem as a most logical conclusion,
That Poesy has wreaths for you alone:
There is a narrowness in such a notion,
Which makes me wish you'd change your lakes for Ocean.
诸位君子呵,由于你们长期以来
不曾见过世面,一意固步自封,
你们死守在凯泽克那一隅落,
仍旧继续在彼此间心灵交融,
于是有了自认为最合理的结论,
即诗的花冠只该落在你们手中;
唉,这种见识未免是所见太窄,
我倒希望你们从湖边迁往大海。【穆旦译】
以上节选诗文体现了拜伦身为社会人的混不吝气质。他这一代英国人是伴随着拿破仑战争的时代背景成长起来的。战争时代的英国创作了许多爱国歌曲,也将全新的英雄姓名传遍了大街小巷。在特拉法尔加大捷与滑铁卢大捷之后,这些名字帮助英国国民养成了全新的自豪情绪,将英国当成了战士的国度。而语不惊人死不休的拜伦偏要与主流正能量舆论作对(就像百年后一战之后的诗人们那样),尽情嘲讽了战争这套杀人流血的行当:
I WANT a hero: an uncommon want,
When every year and month sends forth a new one,
Till, after cloying the gazettes with cant,
The age discovers he is not the true one;
Of such as these I should not care to vaunt, 5
I’ll therefore take our ancient friend Don Juan—
We all have seen him, in the pantomime,
Sent to the devil somewhat ere his time,
说来新鲜,我苦于没有英雄可写,
尽管当今之世,英雄是迭出不穷,
年年有,月月有,报刊上连篇累牍,
而后才又发现:他算不得真英雄;
因此,对这些我就不人云亦云了,
而想把我们的老友唐璜来传颂一
我们都看过他的戏,他够短寿,
似乎未及天年就被小鬼给带走。
Vernon, the butcher Cumberland, Wolfe, Hawke,
Prince Ferdinand, Granby, Burgoyne, Keppel, Howe,
Evil and good, have had their tithe of talk,
And fill’d their sign-posts then, like Wellesley now;
Each in their turn like Banquo’s monarchs stalk,
Followers of fame, “nine farrow” of that sow:
France, too, had Buonaparté and Dumourier
Recorded in the Moniteur and Courier.
上一代有弗农,沃尔夫,豪克,凯培,
刽子手坎伯兰,格朗贝,等等将军,
不论好坏吧,总算被人谈论一阵,
像今日的韦尔斯利*1,招牌上也标过名。
阿,这群声誉的奴仆,母猪的崽仔,
都曾昂首阔步,像班柯的帝王之影;*2
同样,法国有个拿破仑和迪穆里埃,
在《导报》、《醒世报》上都赢得了记载。
*1【即惠灵顿公爵】
*2【本句与上一句均采用了《麦克白》的典故】
Barnave, Brissot, Condorcet, Mirabeau,
Petion, Clootz, Danton, Marat, La Fayette,
Were French, and famous people, as we know;
And there were others, scarce forgotten yet, 20
Joubert, Hoche, Marceau, Lannes, Desaix, Moreau,
With many of the military set,
Exceedingly remarkable at times,
But not at all adapted to my rhymes.
法国还有布里索,康多塞,米拉伯,
拉法叶特,培松,克罗茨,丹东,马拉,巴纳夫,
我们知道,他们都是赫赫有名,
此外还有尚未被遗忘的,例如:
朱拜,荷什,马尔索,兰恩,德赛,摩罗,
以及许多军界要角,难以尽述;
他们有一时都非常、非常烜赫,
然而,用在我的诗上却不太适合。
Nelson was once Britannia’s god of war,
And still should be so, but the tide is turn’d;
There’s no more to be said of Trafalgar,
’Tis with our hero quietly inurn’d;
Because the army’s grown more popular,
At which the naval people are concern’d;
Besides, the prince is all for the land-service,
Forgetting Duncan, Nelson, Howe, and Jervis.
纳尔逊一度是大不列颠的战神,
可惜为时不久,就改换了风尚;
特拉法尔加已不再为人提起,
它已和我们的英雄一起埋葬;
因为陆军的声望一天天隆盛,
海军界的人士岂能不受影响,
更何况,我们王子只为陆军撑腰,
把什么邓肯、纳尔逊、豪与杰维斯早已忘掉。
Brave men were living before Agamemnon
And since, exceeding valorous and sage,
A good deal like him too, though quite the same none;
But then they shone not on the poet’s page,
And so have been forgotten:—I condemn none,
But can’t find any in the present age
Fit for my poem (that is, for my new one);
So, as I said, I’ll take my friend Don Juan.
英雄人物何止一个阿加门农,
在他前后,也出过不少俊杰之辈,
虽然英勇像他,却又各有千秋;
然而,只因为不曾在诗篇里留辉,
便被世人遗忘了。一我无意针砭,
但老实说,当代我实在找不到谁
适用于我的诗(就是这新的诗章),
因此,我说过,我就选择了唐璜。【穆旦译,有修正】
拜伦故意将这段诗文写得极其露骨,为的就是将自矜的资本赋予他的读者,让读者们感到自己要比英法两国各个阶层只会无脑爱国的碌碌庸众更加高明。拜伦瞄准了不满社会现状的年青一代,他的目标受众早已听腻了战争故事,受够了整天端着架子的爱国主义。这些年轻人将拜伦的诗歌当成了对抗易怒长辈们的利器,恰似二十世纪七十年代的年轻人利用摇滚歌曲来故意刺激二战世代的长辈们那样。拜伦就是他那个时代的摇滚歌星,而且他也像后世的摇滚歌星一样竭力营造了一套张扬夺目的个人形象。莫非拜伦就是命途多舛的恰尔德.哈洛尔德吗?莫非他就是邪恶的海盗吗?还是说他其实是唐璜呢?拜伦也像自己笔下的反英雄一样游历了欧洲各地,一路上猎艳无数,其中包括几个小男孩——如果传言可信的话,他甚至还对自己的继妹下过手。阴郁不乐、喜怒无常、好勇斗狠、才华横溢——拜伦的作品浸透了他本人的个性,以至于他本人的现实生活与他笔下的虚构作品难舍难分地纠结在了一起。拜伦在自己身上笼罩了一层神话的外衣,直到死都没有脱下。
对于我们来说,拜伦之所以值得研究,是因为他让我们深入了解了当年一部分英国人的心理状态。在漫长的反拿破仑战争终于胜利结束之后,不少英国人都变得更加愤世嫉俗起来。多年战争促使英国施行了所得税制度,致使大量劳工阶层贫民生活越发艰难,还在大小城镇的中心广场上撒满了缺胳膊断腿的乞讨老兵。1811年至1820年之间,在耽于享乐的摄政亲王的率领下,伦敦上层统治集团似乎完全丧失了道德指针。将英国拖进反美战争与反法战争的老国王已经变成了疯子;摄政亲王、日后的乔治四世倒不是疯子,但是在许多臣民眼中他都是个无道昏君。拜伦笔下充满世俗气息与漠然无感的诗文完美契合了这个时代。而且就像后世主打叛逆人设的明星一样,拜伦也是个什么都想要的人。他在谈政治的时候非常严肃,竭力抨击英国政府镇压爱尔兰叛乱的行径,谈到希腊人民反土耳其起义时也总是一脸肃然。但是拜伦还有油腔滑调的另一面,与严肃二字格格不入:
I would to heaven that I were so much clay,
As I am blood, bone, marrow, passion, feeling -
Because at least the past were passed away -
And for the future - (but I write this reeling,
Having got drunk exceedingly today,
So that I seem to stand upon the ceiling)
I say - the future is a serious matter -
And so - for God's sake - hock and soda water!
我向上天乞求,但愿此身是泥土材质,
现在的我一身骨骼、血气、活力和情感,
因为至少过去的一切皆已流逝,
而将来——(但我下笔时地旋天转,
我今天酩酊大醉不省人事
就好像倒立在了天花板)
我说——未来可是非常严肃——
所以——天呐——快给我苏打水和大肘子果腹!【译者不详,有修改】
这也是《唐璜》里的选段——不过这段文字与针对英国政府迫害爱尔兰人民的真诚怒火怎会出自同一位诗人之手呢?在拿破仑战争后期,卡斯尔雷勋爵成为了英国的外交大臣并且分管爱尔兰事务。他也是1798年爱尔兰叛乱遭到血腥镇压的首要责任人。为了痛击此獠,拜伦请出了共和派的老前辈约翰.弥尔顿:
Think'st thou, could he—the blind Old Man—arise
Like Samuel from the grave, to freeze once more
The blood of monarchs with his prophecies
Or be alive again—again all hoar
With time and trials, and those helpless eyes,
And heartless daughters—worn—and pale—and poor;
Would he adore a sultan? he obey
The intellectual eunuch Castlereagh?
请想想,假如那双目失明的老人:
像撒母耳一样,能从坟墓中起来,
再次宣告他的预言,使帝王颤惊;
或者又活在人间,两鬓都已斑白,
受着种种苦难:那绝望的眼睛,
那冷酷的女儿*,贫困,苍老,病衰——
他可会对一个苏丹拜倒?他可会
听命于那心智上的太监卡斯尔雷!
*【拜伦原注:“据说弥尔顿的两个大女儿劫去了他的书,还在家务管理上骗钱和折磨他,等等。身为父亲和学者,他对这种虐待定会感到特别难受。”——王佐良译】
Cold-blooded, smooth-fac'd, placid miscreant!
Dabbling its sleek young hands in Erin's gore,
And thus for wider carnage taught to pant,
Transferr'd to gorge upon a sister shore,
The vulgarest tool that Tyranny could want,
With just enough of talent, and no more,
To lengthen fetters by another fix'd,
And offer poison long already mix'd.
那个粉面、冷血、泰然自若的恶棍!
爱尔兰的血沾满了他光滑的手,
但这只是小试其锋;接着他奉派
到邻邦去满足他大屠戮的胃口。
这是暴政所需的最卑鄙的工具,
除了必要的才干外,再多也没有:
刚够使他添一节别人打的镣铐,
或者给端上早经人配成的毒药。
An orator of such set trash of phrase
Ineffably—legitimately vile,
That even its grossest flatterers dare not praise,
Nor foes—all nations—condescend to smile,
Not even a sprightly blunder's spark can blaze
From that Ixion grindstone's ceaseless toil,
That turns and turns to give the world a notion
Of endless torments and perpetual motion.
还是一个废话连篇的演说家,
鄙陋不堪,却邪恶得头头是道,
连最下流的捧场人都无从恭维,
而敌人——世界万邦——则不屑于一笑;
他的嘴像地狱的磨盘,但迸不出
一星活跃的火花,越出轨外照耀I
好一个磨石,转个不停,磨个不停,
使人懂了无尽的折磨,不息的运行。
A bungler even in its disgusting trade,
And botching, patching, leaving still behind
Something of which its masters are afraid,
States to be curb'd, and thoughts to be confin'd,
Conspiracy or Congress to be made—
Cobbling at manacles for all mankind—
A tinkering slave-maker, who mends old chains,
With God and Man's abhorrence for its gains.
就论那恶心的行业他也很拙劣:
总是修补又修补,事情弄到终了,
还是剩些破绽使主子放心不下,
还有会议得召开,阴谋一再制造,
或思想还得统制,国家还得镇压,
就这样笨拙地为人类钉着镣铐:
迫害奴隶的拙劣工匠,专修旧锁链,
他的每笔生意只招得天怒人怨。【穆旦译,有修正】
如此冰冷的愤怒着实华丽非凡——假如我们能够完全严肃地对待拜伦的话。不过当年的人们对待拜伦的态度并不太认真,尽管他享誉全欧洲;今天的大多数读者也一样。可惜的是,拜伦笔下最优美的爱情诗歌也遭到了同样的待遇:我们对于诗人的个人生活了解得过于透彻——例如我们知道他与情人做爱时特别喜欢肛交爆菊——以至于很难全心全意地品鉴这些诗文的优美之处。熟悉拜伦尿性的读者们要怎样才能不带杂念地欣赏例如《她举步娉婷》(She Walks in Beauty)这样甘甜纯美的诗句呢?
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that’s best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes;
Thus mellowed to that tender light
Which heaven to gaudy day denies.
她翩然举步,袅娜而娉婷,
恰似晴朗的夜空缀满繁星;
明暗交织绝美合璧的光影,
在她眉眼与面庞之间汇映:
继而融为醇雅柔和的清辉,
那是上苍不予白昼的明媚。
One shade more, one ray less,
Had half impaired the nameless grace
Which waves in every raven tress,
Or softly lightens o’er her face;
Where thoughts serenely sweet express
How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.
多一丝阴影,少一缕光泽,
都有损这难以言表的婀娜,
那是她云鬓青丝间的涟波,
是面颊上柔柔光辉的映射;
丽颜传送温馨恬静的思想,
那是多么纯洁高贵的地方。
And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,
So soft, so calm, yet eloquent
The smiles that win, the tints that glow.
But tell of days in goodness spent,
A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent!
这样的面颊,这样的眉黛,
如此温柔安祥却不失风采,
摄魂的微笑,夺目的神态,
都在述说她一生德善仁爱,
她心态平和,她与世无争,
满怀慈爱的心纯粹而真诚! 【Rhapsodia网友译】
笔者以为拜伦终其一生都未能真正理解纯真一词的含义。不过说一千道一万,他的诗歌依然华彩绚烂可读性极强。这句评语并不适用于最后一位浪漫主义主要代表人物,拜伦与济慈的共同朋友,1822年溺亡在意大利的珀西.比希.雪莱。就像拜伦一样,雪莱也必须应对拿破仑最终战败之后笼罩欧洲的反动政治氛围,尤其要应付当时僵化高压的英国政府。就像拜伦一样,雪莱胸中的青春革命之火终其一生都未曾熄灭(对于革命派诗人来说,英年早逝往往是一步妙棋)。但是与拜伦不同,雪莱的问题并不在于愤世嫉俗,而是在于过分严肃以至于有些啰嗦。维多利亚时代的读者们一边追捧雪莱一边哀叹他的无神论立场,再往后的读者们则往往认为他笔下篇幅较长且更具幻想的诗歌看上去就像色彩过于浓重的疾风,一方面激情四溢,另一方面又有些不知所云。如今读者意见又逐渐转向了有利于雪莱的方向。他的诗歌集中体现了浪漫主义运动在十九世纪二十年代的绝望与渴望的极致,例如下面这段诗文节选自为悼念约翰.济慈而创作的《阿童尼》(Adonais):
I weep for Adonais—he is dead!
Oh, weep for Adonais! though our tears
Thaw not the frost which binds so dear a head!
And thou, sad Hour, selected from all years
To mourn our loss, rouse thy obscure compeers,
And teach them thine own sorrow, say: "With me
Died Adonais; till the Future dares
Forget the Past, his fate and fame shall be
An echo and a light unto eternity!"
我为阿童尼哭泣——他已经死了!
噢,为他哭泣吧!虽然我们的泪珠
融解不了那冻结他秀额的冰霜!
而你,忧郁的时刻,却被岁月挑出
来承担我们的损失;请向你的同辈
传授你的悲哀吧:你该说:“阿童尼
是和我一同死的;要是‘未来’不敢——
遗忘‘过去’,他的命运和名声必是
一线光明,一种回音,增添到永恒里!【穆旦译】
雪莱具有非凡的抒情造诣。古往今来只有寥寥几首诗钻进了英国人的集体想象,其中就包括雪莱的《奥斯曼狄斯》(Ozymandias)。诗人面无表情地点评了俗世权柄的煊赫阵势以及灰飞烟灭的必然下场。笔者建议将这首诗铭刻在下议院的入口处:
I met a traveller from an antique land
Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desert. Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed;
And on the pedestal these words appear:
“My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings:
Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!”
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.
客从古国来,告我古国事。
曾见沙漠中,伫立二石柱。
形制为双股,其上无身躯。
旁有碎石颅,沉沙半掩没。
蹙眉抿双唇,蔑笑真冷酷。
当年雕工巧,必深感其怒。
匠作无处寻,威仪留印记。
妙手琢顽石,苦心摹生气。
细看石柱底,隐约一行字:
“至尊威名赫,奥斯曼狄斯!
功业镇千古,天公亦叹息!”
四周无余物,不见残垣壁。
唯有万里沙,绵延向天际。
不过要说到刻画这一时期身为英国人的体验,拔得头筹的诗歌必然是《暴政的假面游行》(The Mask of Anarchy)。这是英语政治抗议诗歌当中最杰出的一首。1815年的滑铁卢大捷过后,大量英军士兵脱去军装,重返了民间生活。第二年印尼的坦博拉火山爆发,致使欧洲与北美大部分地区遭受了所谓的“无夏之年”,英国当年粮食严重歉收——这将是全球粮食贸易开放之前英国人最后一次经历足以导致饥荒的自然灾害。新近出台的《谷物法》旨在保护地主阶层的利益,向英国进口的粮食征收了高额关税,推高了食品价格,进一步恶化了民众的生活环境。另一方面民间要求政治体制改革的呼声愈发强烈,改革的支持者们希望新兴工业城市能在议会得到相应的代表权,早已不得人心的政府则咬紧牙关不肯让步。简而言之,一场即将席卷英国政坛的完美风暴已经凑齐了一切条件。
1819年8月,正当雪莱被放逐到意大利时,大批曼城民众在圣彼得广场举行示威集会,支持议会体制改革。政府派出骑兵冲击示威人群,当场杀死十五人,另有上百人被马刀砍伤。针对这一事件,雪莱写下了以下诗句:
As I lay asleep in Italy
There came a voice from over the Sea
And with great power it forth led me
To walk in the visions of Poesy.
我在意大利躺着发呆,
一个声音飘洋过海,
一股强力引领我离开,
在诗意的梦境里徘徊。
I met Murder on the way -
He had a mask like Castlereagh -
Very smooth he looked, yet grim;
Seven blood-hounds followed him:
路上我偶遇屠杀,腥风血雨——
象卡斯尔雷戴着面具,
貌似和蔼,其实残暴;
紧随他的是猎狗七条:
All were fat; and well they might
Be in admirable plight,
For one by one, and two by two,
He tossed the human hearts to chew
Which from his wide cloak he drew.
条条硕壮,只只肥美;
处境优渥,值得赞佩,
他从宽大的斗篷
双双对对掏出人心,
扔给他们虎咽狼吞。
Next came Fraud, and he had on,
Like Eldon, an ermined gown;
His big tears, for he wept well,
Turned to mill-stones as they fell.
接着是蒙骗,穿一袭
象埃尔顿裹着的裘皮法衣;*
他伤心恸哭,泣涕涟涟,
滴滴泪珠落地即成磨盘。
*【第一任埃尔顿侯爵约翰.斯科特,时任英国大法官。】
And the little children, who
Round his feet played to and fro,
Thinking every tear a gem,
Had their brains knocked out by them.
幼童们缠绕其膝下,
往返来回,嬉戏、玩耍,
以为滴滴泪珠皆是珍宝,
却被它们砸烂了头脑。
Clothed with the Bible, as with light,
And the shadows of the night,
Like Sidmouth, next, Hypocrisy
On a crocodile rode by.
以圣经作伪装,俨然光明,
而那黑夜的幽灵,
象西德茅斯般,*
接着鳄鱼驮着伪善。
*【即亨利.艾尔顿,1801—1804年和1806—1807年任首相,1804被封为西德茅斯子爵。1819年担任内政大臣】
And many more Destructions played
In this ghastly masquerade,
All disguised, even to the eyes,
Like Bishops, lawyers, peers, or spies.
在恐怖的化妆舞会里
许许多多毁灭在演绎,
人人在伪装,甚至就连双眼,
都貌似主教、律师、贵族、或密探。
Last came Anarchy: he rode
On a white horse, splashed with blood;
He was pale even to the lips,
Like Death in the Apocalypse.
暴政终于来也:
他驾着白马,飞溅喋血;
他苍白的脸色、嘴唇,
酷似启示录中的死神。
And he wore a kingly crown;
And in his grasp a sceptre shone;
On his brow this mark I saw -
'I AM GOD, AND KING, AND LAW!'
他头顶王冠,俨然皇上;
手握权杖,闪闪发光;
只见戳记在其印堂—
“我是上帝,法律,国王!”
With a pace stately and fast,
Over English land he passed,
Trampling to a mire of blood
The adoring multitude,
步伐庄严而快速,
他穿越英格兰的国土,
将敬仰膜拜的苍生
践踏于血泊泥坑。
And a mighty troop around,
With their trampling shook the ground,
Waving each a bloody sword,
For the service of their Lord.
四周布满强悍的士兵,
震撼大地,践踏蹂躏,
个个挥舞带血的刺刀,
在为他们的君主效劳。
And with glorious triumph, they
Rode through England proud and gay,
Drunk as with intoxication
Of the wine of desolation.
因为光荣的凯旋,
趾高气扬踏遍英格兰,
酩酊于欣喜若狂
是那忧伤的酒浆。
O'er fields and towns, from sea to sea,
Passed the Pageant swift and free,
Tearing up, and trampling down;
Till they came to London town.
越过五湖四海、城镇、田园,
迅疾逍遥地穿过盛装庆典,
烧杀凌虐,踩踏蹂躏;
直到他们抵达了伦敦。
And each dweller, panic-stricken,
Felt his heart with terror sicken
Hearing the tempestuous cry
Of the triumph of Anarchy.
惊慌失措的居民,
饱尝了吊胆提心,
聆听暴政的凯旋——
暴风雨般的呼喊。
For with pomp to meet him came,
Clothed in arms like blood and flame,
The hired murderers, who did sing
'Thou art God, and Law, and King.
迎接他的是浮华壮丽,
掩饰如血似火的兵器,
雇佣的帮凶在合唱
“你是上帝、法律、国王。”
'We have waited, weak and lone
For thy coming, Mighty One!
Our purses are empty, our swords are cold,
Give us glory, and blood, and gold.'
“孤独羸弱的我们,等待你的驾临—
我们始终恭候强大的国君!
咱们的钱包空空,刀剑阴森,
赐我们荣耀、鲜血与黄金!”【上善若水网友译,有修正】
十九世纪英国历史的一大部分内容在于革命的缺席。缓慢但稳步推进的议会体制改革与社会改革虽然始终没能平息下层社会的怒火,但却成功地遏制了一切有可能颠覆“上帝、法律、国王”的革命势力。英国人终究还是再次迎来了更美好的时光。英国成为了一个不断成长壮大的帝国,有能力将国内的过剩人口打发到海外去强占其他民族的土地,同时又将世界各地的奢侈品进口回英国。全世界第一个投身于工业革命的国家终于全速发动了起来。换言之,英国人的日子即将越过越好。相比之下,浪漫主义诗歌却是危机时代的产物,属于法国大革命与彼得卢大屠杀之间的时代。因此这一流派也逐渐消沉了下去。英国诗歌即将一本正经地板起面孔。维多利亚时代的诗人们正在系牢马甲上的扣子,整理头上的帽子,等待历史的召唤。