主题：【文摘】海地的天灾人祸 -- 唵啊吽

Why were 60 percent of the buildings in Port-au-Prince shoddily constructed and unsafe in normal circumstances, according to the city’s mayor? Why are there no building regulations in a city that sits on a fault line? Why has Port-au-Prince swelled from a small town of 50,000 in the 1950s to a population of 2 million desperately poor people today? Why was the state completely overwhelmed by the disaster?

To understand these facts, we have to look at a second fault line — U.S. imperial policy toward Haiti. The U.S. government, the UN, and other powers have aided the Haitian elite in subjecting the country to neoliberal economic plans that have impoverished the masses, deforested the land, wrecked the infrastructure and incapacitated the government.

During the Cold War, the U.S. supported the dictatorships of Papa Doc Duvalier and then Baby Doc Duvalier — which ruled the country from 1957 to 1986 — as an anti-communist counterweight to Castro’s Cuba nearby.

Under guidance from Washington, Baby Doc Duvalier opened the Haitian economy up to U.S. capital in the 1970s and 1980s. Floods of U.S. agricultural imports destroyed peasant agriculture. As a result, hundred of thousands of people flocked to the teeming slums of Port-au-Prince to labor for pitifully low wages in sweatshops located in U.S. export processing zones.

In the 1980s, masses of Haitians rose up to drive the Duvaliers from power–later, they elected reformer Jean-Bertrand Aristide to be president on a platform of land reform, aid to peasants, reforestation, investment in infrastructure for the people, and increased wages and union rights for sweatshop workers.

NO LOVE LOST FOR ARISTIDE

The U.S. in turn backed a coup that drove Aristide from power in 1991. Eventually, the elected president was restored to power in 1994 when Bill Clinton sent U.S. troops to the island — but on the condition that he implement the U.S. neoliberal plan — which Haitians called the "plan of death".

Aristide resisted parts of the U.S. programme for Haiti, but implemented other provisions, undermining his hoped-for reforms. Eventually, though, the U.S. grew impatient with Aristide’s failure to obey completely, especially when he demanded $21 billion in reparations during his final year in office. The U.S. imposed an economic embargo that strangled the country, driving peasants and workers even deeper into poverty.

In 2004, Washington collaborated with Haiti’s ruling elite to back death squads that toppled the government, kidnapped and deported Aristide. The United Nations sent troops to occupy the country, and the puppet government of Gérard Latortue was installed to continue Washington’s neoliberal plans.

Latortue’s brief regime was utterly corrupt — he and his cronies pocketed large portions of the $4 billion poured into the country by the U.S. and other powers when they ended their embargo. The regime dismantled the mild reforms Aristide had managed to implement. Thus, the pattern of impoverishment and degradation of the country’s infrastructure accelerated.

In 2006 elections, the Haitian masses voted in long-time Aristide ally René Préval as president. But Préval has been a weak figure who collaborated with U.S. plans for the country and failed to address the growing social crisis.

In fact, the U.S., UN and other imperial powers effectively bypassed the Préval government and instead poured money into NGOs. "Haiti now has the highest per capita presence of NGOs in the world," says Yves Engler. The Préval government has become a political fig leaf, behind which the real decisions are made by the imperial powers, and implemented through their chosen international NGOs.

‘U.S.-BACKED UN OCCUPATION’

The real state power isn’t the Préval government, but the U.S.-backed United Nations occupation. Under Brazilian leadership, UN forces have protected the rich and collaborated with — or turned a blind eye to — right-wing death squads who terrorize supporters of Aristide and his Lavalas Party.

First the Bush administration and now the Obama administration have used the coup and social and natural crises to expand the U.S.’s neoliberal economic plans.

Under Obama, the U.S. has granted Haiti $1.2 billion in debt relief, but it hasn’t canceled all of Haiti’s debt — the country still pays huge sums to the Inter-American Development Bank. The debt relief is classic window-dressing for Obama’s real Haiti policy, which is the same old Haiti policy.

灾后海地实际上是无政府状态。灾前基本是联合国接管，名为联合国接管，实际是美国控制。海地长期受美国摆布，基本就没有过完整主权。如此政府崩溃，社会崩溃的国家无人可以凝聚民心。两百年的苦难，人民没有席位，没有信心了。

海地两百多年基本是被法国和美国压榨的准殖民地。海地政府每每被美国中情局策动政变推翻，历史上一直是社会不稳定的国家，但是，历史上这个社会不稳定是对美国商人不是风险，相反，这些不稳定是为了美国商业利益而产生的。

海地联合国部队没有一个加勒比海国家参与。海地是美国控制加勒比海竟而限制南美的战略要点，防止古巴与南美联合。现在海地基本是美军占领控制，海域上也是航空母舰来防范海地难民到美国。

由于海地前政府基本是美国傀儡，所以海地不承认中国而和台湾建交。中国救援不带任何政治条件，真正的人道主义援助。不过，日后重建绝对是美国和法国分内的事情，且美国势力范围之内，中国也不好大动作，否则引起美国猜忌。

估计日后重建，中国也就是商人拿标，看看是否有利可图，如帮助伊拉克和阿富汗重建模式一样，只讲商业利益好了，顺带解决当地就业问题。