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主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客

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家园 不止一次战争的诗人2

如果说爱德华.托马斯与查尔斯.索利表明了我们对于“战争诗人”的通常看法并不全面,那么1914-1918年之间的女性战争诗人们的作品我们恐怕就更加不熟悉了。对于受过教育且思想丰富的女性来说,战争不仅带来了强烈的挫折感,也奉上了可观的机会。一方面她们不得不让到一旁,眼看着丈夫、兄弟与情人走上战场;另一方面她们终于得到了机会——甚至可以说背负上了责任——去从事各种她们在爱德华时代的和平状态下原本无法插足的社会活动,例如驾驶卡车与公交车,担任办公室文员,前往法国照料伤员,下地干农活,以及在兵工厂里组装枪炮弹药。在战争之前的几年里,英国的激进女性投票权运动达到了顶峰。战争开始之后,女性们不仅学会了抽烟,还品尝到了独立生活的滋味。一旦食髓知味之后,再想让她们返回原本的生活方式就不容易了。她们笔下的诗歌完全可以像任何一位退役军官的老干部体诗文那样充满盲目的爱国主义情结。杰西卡.波普是一位广受欢迎的记者兼作家,正是她最早发现了罗伯特.特莱赛尔的《穿破裤子的慈善家》的原稿。战争开始之后她的作品随即充满了侵略主义气息,以至于威尔弗雷德.欧文讽刺地将自己的名作《为国捐躯》(Dulce et Decorum Est)献给了她。但是尽管波普的腔调咄咄逼人,下面这首《战争姑娘》(War Girls)依然向我们充分展现了当时本土战线上的精神风貌:

There's the girl who clips your ticket for the train,

And the girl who speeds the lift from floor to floor,

There's the girl who does a milk-round in the rain,

And the girl who calls for orders at your door.

Strong, sensible, and fit,

They're out to show their grit,

And tackle jobs with energy and knack.

No longer caged and penned up,

They're going to keep their end up

Till the khaki soldier boys come marching back.

这姑娘在火车上为你检票,

这姑娘在楼层间将电梯操作,

这姑娘冒雨将一瓶瓶牛奶送到,

这姑娘上门统计你家餐桌缺什么。

强壮、敏感而又康健,

她们的坚强要让所有人看见,

干起活来娴熟灵巧精力不亏。

今后再不做笼中鸟,

一定要将分内工作干好,

直到穿卡其布的小伙子们凯旋而归。

There's the motor girl who drives a heavy van,

There's the butcher girl who brings your joint of meat,

There's the girl who cries 'All fares, please!' like a man,

And the girl who whistles taxis up the street.

Beneath each uniform

Beats a heart that's soft and warm,

Though of canny mother-wit they show no lack;

But a solemn statement this is,

They've no time for love and kisses

Till the khaki soldier-boys come marching back.

这姑娘是司机,专门将卡车驾驭,

这姑娘是屠户,一刀将肘子卸掉,

这姑娘像男人那样大喊:“上车请投币!”

这姑娘当街拦下出租车,响亮地吹口哨。

每一套制服都会遮掩

她们的心灵多么温柔温暖,

办事更是精明干练全都像老阿姨,

但是她们都许下了肃穆誓言,

眼下真没工夫月下花前,

直到穿卡其布的小伙子们战胜顽敌。

对于工人阶级出身的姑娘们来说,战争尤其带来了前所未有的工作岗位,工资水平更是让开战之前的她们连想都不敢想。关于麦德琳.伊达.贝德福德的生平我们知之甚少,只能大概猜测她曾经在兵工厂工作过。她为我们留下了一首精神饱满的短诗:《军工工资》(Munition Wages)。笔者一直主张,越是应景的诗歌越能起到时间胶囊的效果,能够将日常用语的声口保留下来。这首诗就是个好例子:

Earning high wages?

Yus, Five quid a week.

A woman, too, mind you,

I calls it dim sweet.

挣高工资?

没错,一周五镑钱。

别忘了我还是女的,

这活计还挺甜。

Ye'are asking some questions –

But bless yer, here goes:

I spends the whole racket

On good times and clothes.

有话直说我没意见,

我知道你想问什么:

我的工资一分不剩,

全都花在衣服玩乐。

Me saving? Elijah!

Yer do think I'm mad.

I'm acting the lady,

But – I ain't living bad.

问我存了多少钱?老天爷啊!

你真以为我脑子进水?

我难得过两天上流生活,

你却嫌我日子太美。

I'm having life's good times.

See 'ere, it's like this:

The 'oof come o' danger,

A touch-and-go bizz.

每天都要享受生活,

你要不服就四下多看看,

看这厂房多么危险,

稍微出点岔子就要完蛋。

We're all here today, mate,

Tomorrow – perhaps dead,

If Fate tumbles on us

And blows up our shed.

老哥,咱们今天活得挺好,

可是明天就说不准要咽气。

如果命运栽倒在我们头上,

一轮爆炸打发我们暴毙。

Afraid! Are yer kidding?

With money to spend!

Years back I wore tatters,

Now – silk stockings, mi friend!

我说朋友,你可别瞎扯了!

兜里有钱谁顾得上害怕?

去年我还穿一身破布,

如今换上了丝绸长袜!

I've bracelets and jewellery,

Rings envied by friends;

A sergeant to swank with,

And something to lend.

如今我配备了手镯项链,

戒指让朋友看了都眼馋;

我男朋友是一位士官,

现在轮到别人找我借钱。

I drive out in taxis,

Do theatres in style.

And this is mi verdict –

It is jolly worth while.

我现在出门就要打的,

出入剧院风风光光。

如果这就是命运的裁决——

这几天活得倒也不枉。

Worth while, for tomorrow

If I'm blown to the sky,

I'll have repaid mi wages

In death – and pass by.

倒也不枉,因为到明天,

假设我被炸到了天上,

我的劳动对得起工资,

可以心安理得地销账。

当代读者大概会觉得这首诗对于所处时代来说写得过于喜气洋洋了一点。但是也有许多女性诗人采取了另外的立场。她们在组装即将撕裂血肉的弹药时始终因为自己的所作所为而满心痛苦。下面这首诗是玛丽.加百列.柯林斯创作的《兵工厂里的女性》(Women at Munition Making):

Their hands should minister unto the flame of life,

Their fingers guide

The rosy teat, swelling with milk,

To the eager mouth of the suckling babe

Or smooth with tenderness,

Softly and soothingly,

The heated brow of the ailing child.

Or stray among the curls

Of the boy or girl, thrilling to mother love.

But now,

Their hands, their fingers

Are coarsened in munition factories.

Their thoughts, which should fly

Like bees among the sweetest mind flowers

Gaining nourishment for the thoughts to be,

Are bruised against the law,

‘Kill, kill’.

They must take part in defacing and destroying the natural body

Which, certainly during this dispensation

Is the shrine of the spirit.

O God!

Throughout the ages we have seen,

Again and again

Men by Thee created

Cancelling each other.

And we have marvelled at the seeming annihilation

Of Thy work.

But this goes further,

Taints the fountain head,

Mounts like a poison to the Creator’s very heart.

O God!

Must It anew be sacrificed on earth?

她们的双手理应料理生命之火,

她们的十指理应引导

胀满奶水的玫瑰色乳头

填入哺乳婴儿的嗷嗷小口。

或者柔和且平稳地

温柔地抚慰

患病儿童的发热眉头。

或者迷失在男孩或者女孩的

满头卷发当中,倾注母爱。

但是现在,

她们的双手,她们的十指,

在兵工厂里磨得粗粝。

她们的思绪原本应该像

蜜蜂那样在最甜蜜的花海当中飞舞,

为思想收集养料,

如今却被法律粗暴碰伤,

“杀戮,杀戮。”

她们必须参与天然人体的摧残与毁坏——

当然,在当前体制下

人体是供奉精神的神龛。

哦上帝啊!

在我们所见过的历代岁月

一次又一次

你们生育出来的男人

一直在相互消灭。

我们则惊叹于你的手艺

造成了怎样的湮灭。

但是如今更加过分,

玷污了泉源,

将毒刃插进了造物主的心脏。

哦上帝啊!

它莫非要再一次献祭在人间?

埃兹拉.庞德曾经抱怨道,在战争时期几乎是个人就会写诗——当时宛如洪水一般的大量爱国主义诗歌的确淹没了英国的印刷媒体。这其中有一位夏洛特.米尔,她的文坛地位要远远超过本章提到的其他女性诗人,就连托马斯.哈代都是她的仰慕者。她的《1915年五月》(May 1915)从1915年的视角出发展望了和平,从而直面了国内不断增长的厌战情绪:

Let us remember Spring will come again

To the scorched, blackened woods, where the wounded trees

Wait with their old wise patience for the heavenly rain,

Sure of the sky: sure of the sea to send its healing breeze,

Sure of the sun, and even as to these

Surely the Spring, when God shall please,

Will come again like a divine surprise

To those who sit today with their great Dead, hands in their hands

Eyes in their eyes

At one with Love, at one with Grief: blind to the scattered things

And changing skies.

让我们记住春天还会再次降临

来到焦枯炭黑的森林,树木虽然深受荼毒,

依然与他们古老智慧的耐心一起等待天降甘霖,

必然从天空降落:大海必然送来愈伤清风吹拂。

即便对于他们来说,太阳必然还会升起,

春天肯定也如此,待到上帝心中欢喜意,

就会再度降临,恰似神赐的惊喜

致那些今天与伟大死者同坐的人们,握住他们的手,看进他们的眼中,

与他们共同爱恋,共同悲哀;却没看到四散的事物与变幻的天空。

但是当和平终于到来时,沉重的悲痛与损失,社会的动荡与混乱,都意味着眼前的“和平”总让人感觉不对。依列娜.法吉恩出身于一户小说家、音乐家与剧院从业者的家庭,今天人们主要记得她的儿童文学与深受喜爱的赞美诗作品:

Morning has broken

Like the first morning

Blackbird has spoken

Like the first bird

Praise for the singing

Praise for the morning

Praise for them springing

Fresh from the Word

天色已经放亮,

恰似世间首次黎明,

乌鸫已经歌唱,

恰似飞鸟初次鸣叫。

赞美歌声啼鸣,

赞美清亮黎明,

赞美万千形名

源自太初之道。

但是法吉恩绝非只有温婉虔信的一面。她与罗伯特.弗罗斯特以及爱德华.托马斯都交情甚笃,战争结束时她创作了一首令人惊奇的女权主义诗歌,名叫《和平》(Peace):

I

I am as awful as my brother War,

I am the sudden silence after clamour.

I am the face that shows the seamy scar

When blood and frenzy has lost its glamour.

Men in my pause shall know the cost at last

That is not to be paid in triumphs or tears,

Men will begin to judge the thing that's past

As men will judge it in a hundred years.

我就像我的兄弟战争一样可怕,

我是喊杀震天之后的突然死寂。

我是血污面孔将伤疤层层披挂,

当杀戮狂热突然失去诱人魅力。

当我暂停时人们终将知道有些代价

难以支付,不能采用泪水或者凯旋,

人们将会着手将逝去的事物评价,

后人也自有评说,待到再过一百年。

Nations! whose ravenous engines must be fed

Endlessly with the father and the son,

My naked light upon your darkness, dread! -

By which ye shall behold what ye have done:

Whereon, more like a vulture than a dove,

Ye set my seal in hatred, not in love.

列国啊!你们那饕餮的引擎决不能缺少食物,

无休止地吞吃了多少父亲与儿子!

我的赤裸光明照亮了你们的黑暗多么可怖!

让你们看清楚自己干了什么好事:

与其说是鸽子,倒不如说与秃鹫更像,

你们将我的印记设为仇恨,而不是爱的模样。

II

Let no man call me good. I am not blest.

My single virtue is the end of crimes,

I only am the period of unrest,

The ceasing of horrors of the times;

My good is but the negative of ill,

Such ill as bends the spirit with despair,

Such ill as makes the nations' soul stand still

And freeze to stone beneath a Gorgon glare.

人们切莫称我为善,我并不是福祉。

我唯一的德行就是结束罪恶。

我无非只是动荡岁月的休止,

让时代的恐怖暂且消退片刻。

我的善行无非是弊病的缺失,

这弊病能用绝望扭曲精神,

这弊病让列国灵魂呆立如痴

化作顽石,恰似遇到蛇发女妖的眼神。

Be blunt, and say that peace is but a state

Wherein the active soul is free to move,

And nations only show as mean or great

According to the spirit then they prove. -

O which of ye whose battle-cry is Hate

Will first in peace dare shout the name of Love?

说老实话吧,承认和平无法长久,

主动的灵魂可以在其中任意进退,

列国的形象,无论伟大还是卑丑,

都与各自彰显的精神呼应相对。

你们当中有谁曾经将仇恨当成战吼,

还要在和平时期抢先高呼爱的名讳?

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