主题:【风云学会】大宗商品价格大跌是中国导致的吗? -- 陈经
有估算石油一半用在交通上面,以我的经验看,用在发电的整体比例很低。所以,个人认为,太阳能电池板对煤炭的影响比对石油的影响更大。
另一方面,电动车的出现,对石油的影响会很大,但现在只是苗头,时间不好量度,有种说法是到2050年电动车才会成熟,严重影响石油的产量。
纯电动车或电动为主增程车的可以在3~5年内取代燃油车。
这个背后是利益的算计。中国大力驱动电力车之后,传统车厂已经扛不住了。
现在byd 走的性能车路线,过于追求性能,经济性下降了。
纯电动车续航焦虑难以解决。
如果有个纯电动100,加一个1.0T 续航发动机的,我觉得是最好的。
不知道为什么没有厂家搞这样的车。
至少,硅基太阳能电池板的生产成本是有极限的。
薄膜太阳能要用到某种很稀有的元素。
不过在近期,太阳能发电在有利条件下,接近火电是有可能的。
再无限降低就没戏了。
但设备成本是可以无限降低的,其他成本在产量增大10倍100倍以后都可以无限降低。
所以一切成本都是没有下限的, 一定要说有,就是劳动力的再生价格, 主要是房价和食品价格。
70年代就有很多“专家”说石油最多还能开采20几年,80年代又有很多“专家”说石油最多还能开采20几年,但是一直采到今天,石油探明储量不但没减少,还增加到70年代的2倍,这还没算上页岩油之类。
所谓石油是古生物形成,一直就是个没有任何证据的假说而已,不知道怎么就成了教科书上的“真理”了。我很怀疑这个假说其实也是石油相关利益集团为了提升油价搞出来的。
所谓石油是古生物形成,一直就是个没有任何证据的假说而已,不知道怎么就成了教科书上的“真理”了。
我虽然孤陋寡闻,也知道有几个法子直接得到石油:煤制油,植物纤维素热裂解制油,传说还有利用空气里面的二氧化碳和氢直接合成油的,说明石油是可以直接制造的,当然古生物也的确可以形成石油。
说穿了其实就一句话,“资本主义的无序生产导致的生产过剩。”
而这个生产过剩正在向更大的经济危机发展中。
煤制油不能证明石油不是由古生物形成的
传统石油的历史发现量:
页岩油:
页岩油的操作与传统石油不同,单口井的寿命非常短,但是很容易增产(打好多的井)。我觉得页岩油不是bell curve:
而是Seneca cliff:
An example featuring mammals is provided by the reindeer of St. Matthew Island, in the Bering Sea (Klein, 1968). This island had a mat of lichens more than four inches deep, but no reindeer until 1944, when a herd of 29 was introduced. By 1957 the population had increased to 1,350; and by 1963 it was 6,000. But the lichens were gone, and the next winter the herd died off. Come spring, only 41 females and one apparently dysfunctional male were left alive .
另外,不是有句话吗?“中国人缺啥啥贵”
China monthly oil production data, 2002-2016 (mb/d)
Sources:
JODI (2002-2011);
National Bureau of Statistics of China (2012-2016)
EROEI=Energy returned on energy invested
太阳能板的EROEI是多少?无数的人在算,总的来看不理想。
我随便google一篇做个参考:
7. Conclusion and policy implications
The calculated value for ERoEI is dimensionless, constituting the energy return (2203 kW he/m2) divided by the energy invested (2664 kW he/m2) – a ratio of 0.82. It is estimated that these numbers could have an error of ±15%, so that, despite a string of optimistic choices resulting in low values of energy investments, the ERoEI is significantly below 1. In other words, an electrical supply system based on today’s PV technologies cannot be termed an energy source, but rather a non-sustainable energy sink or a non-sustainable NET ENERGY LOSS. The methodology recommended by the expert working group of the IEA appears to yield EROI levels which lie between 5 and 6, (see Section 4.1), but which are really not meaningful for determining the efficiency, sustainability and affordability of an energy source. The main conclusions to be drawn are:
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The result of rigorously calculating the “extended ERoEI” for regions of moderate insolation levels as experienced in Switzerland and Germany proves to be very revealing. It indicates that, at least at today's state of development, the PV technology cannot offer an energy source but a NET ENERGY LOSS, since its ERoEIEXT is not only very far from the minimum value of 5 for sustainability suggested by Murphy and Hall (2011), but is less than 1.
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Our advanced societies can only continue to develop if a surplus of energy is available, but it has become clear that photovoltaic energy at least will not help in any way to replace the fossil fuel. On the contrary we find ourselves suffering increased dependence on fossil energy. Even if we were to select, or be forced to live in a simpler, less rapidly expanding economic environment, photovoltaic technology would not be a wise choice for helping to deliver affordable, environmentally favourable and reliable electricity regions of low, or even moderate insolation, since it involves an extremely high expenditure of material, human and capital resources.
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Research and development should however, be continued in order in future to have more efficient conversion from sunlight to electricity and a cheaper, more reliable PV-technology offering increased efficiency and a longer, failure-free lifetime. The market will then develop naturally.
现在的纯电车买主,大多是作为第二辆车来用的,价格又贵,除非价格大跌,估计对石油的影响有限。
主要瓶颈是在电池上,既要安全,又要能量密度高,就看啥时候材料有突破了,说快也快,说慢也慢,看运气了。
奔驰宝马大众在电池方面没啥独门绝技吧?
没有任何明确证据。至今对石油成因有各种分析,并无定论,而最新的研究和发现对有机成因说并不有利。当然,如果你一定要把一种假说当成真理,那也是你的自由。
有12度电左右的电池,成本不到1万人民币,纯电能够开100多公里, 日常开开基本满足,远程可以用汽油,由于自带刹车充电,红灯充电,油耗和Prius接近。这一类车国内现在有了十几款。但大众还是将信将疑, 量也没有起来,汽车部件还没有标准化。
如果德国三巨头起来了,豪华车就是混动车,一下子就把整个社会期望改变了。量上来后推动一轮标准化,质量会大幅度上升,价格会下滑20%以上,电动车就真正走入社会了。
由于种种原因,同等热值的煤炭价格只有石油的1/4~1/6, 加上电力驱动本身的优势,即使使用煤炭发的电发展电动车会让使用者的燃料成本降低到1/10~1/15。
电动车普及之日,就是石油价格永眠之时。