主题：【原创】诺奖给了石墨烯 -- sitan
今天比较意外。看到炸药奖颁给了石墨烯。不是因为这个还不够资格，恰恰因为这个太够资格了，我觉得迟早跑不掉的，而且这几个人也还年轻，这个领域也还年轻，等个二三十年再发才是炸药奖的风格。
好像有征文。我也算征一把吧。这个东西目前不是我做的领域。这样比较好，因为说话就可以随便乱讲了。不好的地方当然是了解不全，八卦可能不精准。抛砖引玉，希望有从事这个的来说说当前热点。偶想到哪说哪，有科学兴趣的去搜review，Geim自己的review就不错。
石墨烯，英文：Graphene. 从石墨Graphite变体过来，算半个发明的词。为啥要发明一个词呢。当然是因为这个东西就是发明的。
你要说发明。这又不算发明。石墨是一层一层的，大家早都知道了。每层都可以是单原子的厚度，六边形连接。碳是4价，六边形连接就是烯咯。大家要是还记得初中化学。大概就能想个大概。
你要是不记得了。那还记得铅笔吧。铅笔用的就是石墨（当然什么2B, 6H啥的啥的，不是纯石墨）。
好吧，这位看官说了，铅笔我见过。口袋里还有一只呢。可是这石墨烯我就没见过。你再掰伙掰伙啊。
且慢。这说的就不对了。这石墨烯啊，你小时候，还拿着铅笔写数学题的时候，八成是天天见。
太迟了。铁牛一下。
没有任何有影响力的改变生活的产品用到GRAPHENE.
NB奖也越来越不值钱了---连上海的一个HOUSE都买不起了.
看wiki上说，在日本人1991年前发现nanotube前就有苏联人在1952年做出了nanotube，不过那时候还没有stm，所以不能visualize。
也不知道是真是假。
从各种电池到纳米到一切的一切
看看wiki上说的，很复杂的，1991年前好几拨人都做出了nanotube...
A 2006 editorial written by Marc Monthioux and Vladimir Kuznetsov in the journal Carbon described the interesting and often misstated origin of the carbon nanotube. A large percentage of academic and popular literature attributes the discovery of hollow, nanometer-size tubes composed of graphitic carbon to Sumio Iijima of NEC in 1991.[116]
In 1952 L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich published clear images of 50 nanometer diameter tubes made of carbon in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry.[117] This discovery was largely unnoticed, as the article was published in the Russian language, and Western scientists' access to Soviet press was limited during the Cold War. It is likely that carbon nanotubes were produced before this date, but the invention of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) allowed direct visualization of these structures.
Carbon nanotubes have been produced and observed under a variety of conditions prior to 1991. A paper by Oberlin, Endo, and Koyama published in 1976 clearly showed hollow carbon fibers with nanometer-scale diameters using a vapor-growth technique.[118] Additionally, the authors show a TEM image of a nanotube consisting of a single wall of graphene. Later, Endo has referred to this image as a single-walled nanotube.[119]
In 1979 John Abrahamson presented evidence of carbon nanotubes at the 14th Biennial Conference of Carbon at Pennsylvania State University. The conference paper described carbon nanotubes as carbon fibers which were produced on carbon anodes during arc discharge. A characterization of these fibers was given as well as hypotheses for their growth in a nitrogen atmosphere at low pressures.[120]
In 1981 a group of Soviet scientists published the results of chemical and structural characterization of carbon nanoparticles produced by a thermocatalytical disproportionation of carbon monoxide. Using TEM images and XRD patterns, the authors suggested that their “carbon multi-layer tubular crystals” were formed by rolling graphene layers into cylinders. They speculated that by rolling graphene layers into a cylinder, many different arrangements of graphene hexagonal nets are possible. They suggested two possibilities of such arrangements: circular arrangement (armchair nanotube) and a spiral, helical arrangement (chiral tube).[121]
In 1987, Howard G. Tennett of Hyperion Catalysis was issued a U.S. patent for the production of "cylindrical discrete carbon fibrils" with a "constant diameter between about 3.5 and about 70 nanometers..., length 102 times the diameter, and an outer region of multiple essentially continuous layers of ordered carbon atoms and a distinct inner core...."[122]
Iijima's discovery of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the insoluble material of arc-burned graphite rods in 1991[123] and Mintmire, Dunlap, and White's independent prediction that if single-walled carbon nanotubes could be made, then they would exhibit remarkable conducting properties [124] helped create the initial buzz that is now associated with carbon nanotubes. Nanotube research accelerated greatly following the independent discoveries[125][126] by Bethune at IBM[127] and Iijima at NEC of single-walled carbon nanotubes and methods to specifically produce them by adding transition-metal catalysts to the carbon in an arc discharge. The arc discharge technique was well-known to produce the famed Buckminster fullerene on a preparative scale,[128] and these results appeared to extend the run of accidental discoveries relating to fullerenes. The original observation of fullerenes in mass spectrometry was not anticipated,[129] and the first mass-production technique by Krtschmer and Huffman was used for several years before realizing that it produced fullerenes.[128]
The discovery of nanotubes remains a contentious issue. Many believe that Iijima's report in 1991 is of particular importance because it brought carbon nanotubes into the awareness of the scientific community as a whole.[116]
现在拉成丝的拍成饼的撮成棍的团成球的都发了奖了，赶紧看看还能撮成什么形状的
我还记得04年的时候读到他们文章发出来后在Chemical&Engineering News（美国化学会的会刊）上的Highlight。没想到这么快就拿到炸药奖了。
有意思的是，得主之一的Andre Geim教授还是2000年的搞笑诺贝尔奖（Ig Nobel Prize)得主。获奖的工作是他的一个用强磁场悬浮一只青蛙的实验。Geim也是第一个双料诺贝尔奖（搞笑和正牌）得主。可见这位老兄是一个很有创造力的实验科学家。
石墨烯能获奖太出乎意外了。
个人认为，在科学上，nanotube没有产生Dirac cone这样的有突破性概念，革新性有限。
在应用上，现在过去这么多年了，基本上可以说，看不出来nanotube有啥可以靠谱的应用，graphene的应用看起来在可预见的未来，工业化都是有可能的。
呵呵，不管怎么样，carbon nanotube就是卷起来的graphene嘛，大家也不用争了，给了graphene，那carbon nanotube也算得奖啦。
迄今三个人，三个人哪，全部集中在英国！
多少年没出这样的事了。
等明天早上再看大结局吧。
经过多年努力，现在仍然没有办法大量生产长丝。但好像已经有用浮法玻璃一样的方法生产薄片了。我好像有这种印象。把某种有机物溶解，然后再降温析出，就有薄薄一层有机物漂在表面。然后再吹气氧化还原，剩下一层纯碳。大概是这样。
我猜这么快发奖就是因为内部人士知道有可能生产。