主题：【合作】玉米种子 PH4CV专利翻译合作 -- 急风劲草
家园 【原文】Definitions for Area of Definitions for Area of Adaptability
When referring to area of adaptability, such term is used to describe the location with the environmental conditions that would be well suited for this maize line. Area of adaptability is based on a number of factors, for example: days to maturity, insect resistance, disease resistance, and drought resistance. Area of adaptability does not indicate that the maize line will grow in every location within the area of adaptability or that it will not grow outside the area.
Central Corn Belt: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana
Drylands: non-irrigated areas of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Oklahoma
Eastern U.S.: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia
North central U.S.: Minnesota and Wisconsin
Northeast: Michigan, New York, Vermont, and Ontario and Quebec Canada
Northwest U.S.: North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon, Montana, Utah, and Idaho
South central U.S.: Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Arkansas
Southeast U.S.: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana
Southwest U.S.: Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona
Western U.S.: Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and California
Maritime Europe: France, Germany, Belgium and Austria
家园 译：适合地区的定义 “适合地区”一词用于指代其环境条件非常适合该玉米系（PH4CV）的地区。它基于许多因素，例如：成熟所需的天数、抗虫性、抗病性、以及抗旱性。“适合地区”并不意味着该玉米系在适合地区的每一个地方都能生长，也不意味着该玉米系不能在适合地区之外生长。
中部玉米种植地带：爱荷华，伊利诺伊，印第安纳
干燥地带：北达科达，南达科达，内布拉斯加，堪萨斯，科罗拉多，以及俄克拉荷马等州的非灌溉地区。
美国东部地区：俄亥俄，宾夕法尼亚，特拉华尔，马里兰，弗吉尼亚，以及西弗吉尼亚。
美国中北部地区：明尼苏达和威斯康星。
美加东北部地区：密歇根，纽约，佛蒙特，以及加拿大的安大略和魁北克。
美国西北部：北达科达，南达科达，怀俄明，华盛顿，俄勒冈，蒙塔那，犹他，以及爱达荷。
美国中南部：密苏里，田纳西，肯塔基，以及阿肯色。
美国东南部：北卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳，乔治亚，佛罗里达，阿拉巴马，密西西比，以及路易斯安娜。
美国西南部：得克萨斯，俄克拉荷马，新墨西哥，以及亚利桑那
美国西部：内布拉斯加，堪萨斯，科罗拉多，以及加里福利亚。
欧洲濒海地区：法国，德国，比利时，和奥地利。
本帖一共被 1 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)
家园 【原文】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF 发明的详细描述（DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION）
Inbred maize lines are typically developed for use in the production of hybrid maize lines. Inbred maize lines need to be highly homogeneous, substantially homozygous and reproducible to be useful as parents of commercial hybrids. There are many analytical methods available to determine the homozygotic stability and the identity of these inbred lines.
The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits. The data is usually collected in field experiments over the life of the maize plants to be examined. Phenotypic characteristics most often observed are for traits associated with plant morphology, ear and kernel morphology, insect and disease resistance, maturity, and yield.
In addition to phenotypic observations, the genotype of a plant can also be examined. A plant's genotype can be used to identify plants of the same variety or a related variety. For example, the genotype can be used to determine the pedigree of a plant. There are many laboratory-based techniques available for the analysis, comparison and characterization of plant genotype; among these are Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as Microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).
Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs as discussed in Lee, M., “Inbred Lines of Maize and Their Molecular Markers,” The Maize Handbook , (Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc. 1994, at 423-432) incorporated herein by reference, have been widely used to determine genetic composition. Isozyme Electrophoresis has a relatively low number of available markers and a low number of allelic variants among maize inbreds. RFLPs allow more discrimination because they have a higher degree of allelic variation in maize and a larger number of markers can be found. Both of these methods have been eclipsed by SSRs as discussed in Smith et al., “An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize ( Zea mays L.): comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree”, Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1997) vol. 95 at 163-173 and by Pejic et al., “Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among maize inbreds detected by RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, and AFLPs,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1998) at 1248-1255 incorporated herein by reference. SSR technology is more efficient and practical to use than RFLPs; more marker loci can be routinely used and more alleles per marker locus can be found using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny lines retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution.
Maize DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructed and widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is described in Boppenmaier, et al., “Comparisons among strains of inbreds for RFLPs”, Maize Genetics Cooperative Newsletter, 65:1991, pg. 90, is incorporated herein by reference.
Inbred maize line PH4CV is a yellow, dent maize inbred that is well suited to be used as either the female or male in production of the first generation F1 maize hybrids. Inbred maize line PH4CV is best adapted to the Central Corn Belt, Eastern, Southcentral, and Southeast areas of the United States and can be used to produce hybrids with approximately a 113 maturity based on the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System for harvest moisture of grain. Inbred maize line PH4CV demonstrates good female yield and good Southern Corn Leaf Blight, Stewarts Bacterial Leaf Blight and Gray Leaf Spot tolerance as an inbred per se. Inbred maize line PH4CV also has above average tolerance to Diplodia, Fusarium , and Gibberella ear rots as an inbred per se. In hybrid combination, inbred PH4CV demonstrates high grain yield, good foliar disease tolerance, and short ear and plant height.
The inbred has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the Variety Description Information (Table 1) that follows. The inbred has been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary to use in commercial production. The line has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in PH4CV.
Inbred maize line PH4CV, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting maize plants under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions with adequate isolation, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts.
家园 【译文】发明的详细描述 发明的详细描述（DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION）
Inbred maize lines are typically developed for use in the production of hybrid maize lines. Inbred maize lines need to be highly homogeneous, substantially homozygous and reproducible to be useful as parents of commercial hybrids. There are many analytical methods available to determine the homozygotic stability and the identity of these inbred lines.
玉米自交系通常开发出来用于杂交玉米系的生产。玉米自交系需要高度均匀，大大纯合，重复性好，才能被有效用于商业化的杂交种的父母本。有很多分析方法可用来确定这些自交系纯合稳定性和特征。
The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits. The data is usually collected in field experiments over the life of the maize plants to be examined. Phenotypic characteristics most often observed are for traits associated with plant morphology, ear and kernel morphology, insect and disease resistance, maturity, and yield.
最古老和最传统的分析方法是对表型性状的观察。通过田间实验, 被研究的整个生命周期的玉米植株的数据得到收集。最常见的表型特征是植物形态，玉米棒和内核形态，抗病虫害，成熟和产量相关性状。
In addition to phenotypic observations, the genotype of a plant can also be examined. A plant's genotype can be used to identify plants of the same variety or a related variety. For example, the genotype can be used to determine the pedigree of a plant. There are many laboratory-based techniques available for the analysis, comparison and characterization of plant genotype; among these are Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as Microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).
除了表型观察，对植物的基因型也可以进行检查。植物的基因型，可用于识别同一品种或相关的品种植物。例如，基因型可以用来确定植物谱系。有许多基于实验的技术可用于分析，比较和鉴别植物基因型; 其中包括同工酶电泳，限制性片段长度多态性（RFLPs），随机扩增多态性DNAs（RAPD），任意引物聚合酶链反应（AP- PCR），DNA扩增指纹（DAF），序列特征扩增区域（SCARs），扩增片段长度多态性（AFLPs），简单序列重复（SSRs），它也被称为微卫星，和单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）。
Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs as discussed in Lee, M., “Inbred Lines of Maize and Their Molecular Markers,” The Maize Handbook , (Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc. 1994, at 423-432) incorporated herein by reference, have been widely used to determine genetic composition. Isozyme Electrophoresis has a relatively low number of available markers and a low number of allelic variants among maize inbreds. RFLPs allow more discrimination because they have a higher degree of allelic variation in maize and a larger number of markers can be found. Both of these methods have been eclipsed by SSRs as discussed in Smith et al., “An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize ( Zea mays L.): comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree”, Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1997) vol. 95 at 163-173 and by Pejic et al., “Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among maize inbreds detected by RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, and AFLPs,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1998) at 1248-1255 incorporated herein by reference. SSR technology is more efficient and practical to use than RFLPs; more marker loci can be routinely used and more alleles per marker locus can be found using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny lines retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution.
同工酶电泳和多态性在李的书中得到讨论，参考“玉米自交系及其分子标记，”玉米手册，（施普林格出版社，纽约公司1994年，在423-432页），被广泛用于确定基因组成。在玉米自交系中, 同工酶电泳有相对不多的几个可用的标记物和等位基因变异点。RFLPs允许更多的区别，因为他们有更高级别的玉米等位变异程度及大量可以被发现的标记。这两种方法与史密斯等人讨论的SSR技术比起来, 都已经显得黯然失色，参见“An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize ( Zea mays L.): comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree”, Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1997) vol. 95 at 163-173 和
Pejic et al., “Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among maize inbreds detected by RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, and AFLPs,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1998) at 1248-1255 . SSR技术比RFLP更为有效和实用; 同RFLP相比, SSR技术对应更多标记位点，被用于常规使用，每标记位点含有更多的等位基因。单核苷酸多态性可能也可以用来识别本发明的独特基因组成及保留独特基因组成的后代。各种分子标记技术可以结合使用，以提高整体的分析.
Maize DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructed and widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is described in Boppenmaier, et al., “Comparisons among strains of inbreds for RFLPs”, Maize Genetics Cooperative Newsletter, 65:1991, pg. 90, is incorporated herein by reference.
玉米DNA分子标记连锁图谱的构建已经迅速的建立起来并且广泛的应用于遗传研究。参见一项次研究 Boppenmaier, et al., “Comparisons among strains of inbreds for RFLPs”, Maize Genetics Cooperative Newsletter, 65:1991, pg. 90。
Inbred maize line PH4CV is a yellow, dent maize inbred that is well suited to be used as either the female or male in production of the first generation F1 maize hybrids. Inbred maize line PH4CV is best adapted to the Central Corn Belt, Eastern, Southcentral, and Southeast areas of the United States and can be used to produce hybrids with approximately a 113 maturity based on the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System for harvest moisture of grain. Inbred maize line PH4CV demonstrates good female yield and good Southern Corn Leaf Blight, Stewarts Bacterial Leaf Blight and Gray Leaf Spot tolerance as an inbred per se. Inbred maize line PH4CV also has above average tolerance to Diplodia, Fusarium , and Gibberella ear rots as an inbred per se. In hybrid combination, inbred PH4CV demonstrates high grain yield, good foliar disease tolerance, and short ear and plant height.
玉米自交系线PH4CV是一种黄色，凹型玉米自交系，十分适合在生产F1的第一代玉米杂交种用作雌性或雄性植株。玉米自交系线PH4CV最适合种植于美国中部玉米地带，东部，中南部，东南等地区，可以被用来生产, 基于比较相对成熟度等级系统的粮食收获湿度, 成熟度是113的杂交种。玉米自交系线PH4CV, 作为一个自交系, 表明良好的雌性产量和对南方玉米大斑病，斯蒂尤尔茨细菌性白叶枯病和灰斑病的良好耐受。玉米自交系线PH4CV, 作为自交系本身, 也有高于平均水平的耐受Diplodia，镰刀菌，以及赤穗腐烂的性质。在杂交组合中，自交系PH4CV表现出高产，良好的抗叶病性，低的玉米穗和植株的高度。
The inbred has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the Variety Description Information (Table 1) that follows. The inbred has been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary to use in commercial production. The line has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in PH4CV.
自交品系, 在环境影响的极限内, 对于品种描述信息（表1）描述的所有特征, 表现出均匀稳定性。该自交系已经经过足够多代的自花授粉和耳棱，仔细照顾以确保纯合性和表型稳定并可用于商业化生产中。该玉米系的品质, 经过手工和隔离领域，对于均匀性的持续观察, 得到提高。没有观察到或预期观察到PH4CV的任何变异性状。
Inbred maize line PH4CV, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting maize plants under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions with adequate isolation, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts.
玉米自交系线PH4CV，高度纯合，可以通过该农艺常用技术, 经过播种, 自花授粉或兄妹授粉, 保持足够隔离条件下的植株生长，收获所得种子, 得到复制。
本帖一共被 1 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)家园 【翻译】发明进一步的具体表征 发明进一步的具体表征（Further Embodiments of the Invention ）
Further Embodiments of the Invention
This invention also is directed to methods for producing a maize plant by crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant wherein either the first or second parent maize plant is an inbred maize plant of the line PH4CV. Further, both first and second parent maize plants can come from the inbred maize line PH4CV. Still further, this invention also is directed to methods for producing an inbred maize line PH4CV-derived maize plant by crossing inbred maize line PH4CV with a second maize plant and growing the progeny seed, and repeating the crossing and growing steps with the inbred maize line PH4CV-derived plant from 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times. Thus, any such methods using the inbred maize line PH4CV are part of this invention: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using inbred maize line PH4CV as a parent are within the scope of this invention, including plants derived from inbred maize line PH4CV. This includes varieties essentially derived from variety PH4CV with the term “essentially derived variety” having the meaning ascribed to such term in 7 U.S.C. § 2104(a)(3) of the Plant Variety Protection Act, which definition is hereby incorporated by reference. This also includes progeny plants and parts thereof with at least one ancestor that is PH4CV, and more specifically, where the pedigree of the progeny includes 1, 2, 3, 4, and/or 5 or less cross-pollinations to a maize plant other than PH4CV or a plant that has PH4CV as a progenitor. All breeders of ordinary skill in the art maintain pedigree records of their breeding programs. These pedigree records contain a detailed description of the breeding process, including a listing of all parental lines used in the breeding process and information on how such line was used. Thus, a breeder would know if PH4CV were used in the development of a progeny line, and would also know how many crosses to a line other than PH4CV or line with PH4CV as a progenitor were made in the development of any progeny line. The inbred maize line may also be used in crosses with other, different, maize inbreds to produce first generation (F 1 ) maize hybrid seeds and plants with superior characteristics.
Specific methods and products produced using inbred line PH4CV in plant breeding are encompassed within the scope of the invention listed above.
One such embodiment is a method for developing a PH4CV progeny maize plant in a maize plant breeding program comprising: obtaining PH4CV or its parts, utilizing said plant or plant parts as a source of breeding material; and selecting a PH4CV progeny plant with molecular markers in common with PH4CV or morphological and/or physiological characteristics selected from the characteristics listed in Tables 1 or 2. Breeding steps that may be used in the maize plant breeding program include pedigree breeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and recurrent selection. In conjunction with these steps, techniques such as restriction fragment polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (for example SSR markers), and the making of double haploids may be utilized.
Another such embodiment is the method of crossing inbred maize line PH4CV with another maize plant, such as a different maize inbred line, to form a first generation population of F1 hybrid plants. The population of first generation F1 hybrid plants produced by this method is also an embodiment of the invention. This first generation population of F1 plants will comprise an essentially complete set of the alleles of inbred line PH4CV. One of ordinary skill in the art can utilize either breeder books or molecular methods to identify a particular F1 hybrid plant produced using inbred line PH4CV, and any such individual plant is also encompassed by this invention. These embodiments also cover use of these methods with transgenic or single gene conversions of inbred line PH4CV.
Another such embodiment of this invention is a method of using inbred line PH4CV in breeding that involves the repeated backcrossing to inbred line PH4CV any number of times. Using backcrossing methods, or even the tissue culture and transgenic methods described herein, the single gene conversion methods described herein, or other breeding methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, one can develop individual plants, plant cells, and populations of plants that retain at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%. 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% genetic contribution from inbred line PH4CV. The percentage of the genetics retained in the progeny may be measured by either pedigree analysis or through the use of genetic techniques such as molecular markers or electrophoresis. In pedigree analysis, on average 50% of the starting germplasm would be passed to the progeny line after one cross to another line, 25% after another cross to a different line, and so on. Molecular markers could also be used to confirm and/or determine the pedigree of the progeny line.
One method for producing a line derived from inbred line PH4CV is as follows. One of ordinary skill in the art would obtain a seed from the cross between inbred line PH4CV and another variety of maize, such as an elite inbred variety. The F1 seed derived from this cross would be grown to form a homogeneous population. The F1 seed would contain essentially all of the alleles from variety PH4CV and essentially all of the alleles from the other maize variety. The F1 nuclear genome would be made-up of 50% variety PH4CV and 50% of the other elite variety. The F1 seed would be grown and allowed to self, thereby forming F2 seed. On average the F2 seed would have derived 50% of its alleles from variety PH4CV and 50% from the other maize variety, but many individual plants from the population would have a greater percentage of their alleles derived from PH4CV (Wang J. and R. Bemardo, 2000, Crop Sci. 40:659-665 and Bemardo, R. and A. L. Kahler, 2001, Theor. Appl. Genet 102:986-992). The molecular markers of PH4CV could be used to select and retain those lines with high similarity to PH4CV. The F2 seed would be grown and selection of plants would be made based on visual observation, markers and/or measurement of traits. The traits used for selection may be any PH4CV trait described in this specification, including the inbred maize PH4CV traits of comparably good yield and comparably good tolerance to leaf blight, leaf spot and ear rot as mentioned herein. Such traits may also be the good general or specific combining ability of PH4CV, including its ability to produce hybrids with an approximate 113 CRM maturity, comparably high yield, comparably good foliar disease tolerance and comparably short ear and plant height. The PH4CV progeny plants that exhibit one or more of the desired PH4CV traits, such as those listed above would be selected and each plant would be harvested separately. This F3 seed from each plant would be grown in individual rows and allowed to self. Then selected rows or plants from the rows would be harvested individually. The selections would again be based on visual observation, markers and/or measurements for desirable traits of the plants, such as one or more of the desirable PH4CV traits listed above. The process of growing and selection would be repeated any number of times until a PH4CV progeny inbred plant is obtained. The PH4CV progeny inbred plant would contain desirable traits derived from inbred plant PH4CV, some of which may not have been expressed by the other maize variety to which inbred line PH4CV was crossed and some of which may have been expressed by both maize varieties but now would be at a level equal to or greater than the level expressed in inbred variety PH4CV. However, in each case the resulting progeny line would benefit from the efforts of the inventor(s), and would not have existed but for the inventor(s) work in creating PH4CV. The PH4CV progeny inbred plants would have, on average, 50% of their nuclear genes derived from inbred line PH4CV, but many individual plants from the population would have a greater percentage of their alleles derived from PH4CV. This breeding cycle, of crossing and selfing, and optional selection, may be repeated to produce another population of PH4CV progeny maize plants with, on average, 25% of their nuclear genes derived from inbred line PH4CV, but, again, many individual plants from the population would have a greater percentage of their alleles derived from PH4CV. Another embodiment of the invention is a PH4CV progeny plant that has received the desirable PH4CV traits listed above through the use of PH4CV, which traits were not exhibited by other plants used in the breeding process.
The previous example can be modified in numerous ways, for instance selection may or may not occur at every selfing generation, selection may occur before or after the actual self-pollination process occurs, or individual selections may be made by harvesting individual ears, plants, rows or plots at any point during the breeding process described. In addition, double haploid breeding methods may be used at any step in the process. The population of plants produced at each and any cycle of breeding is also an embodiment of the invention, and on average each such population would predictably consist of plants containing approximately 50% of its genes from inbred line PH4CV in the first breeding cycle, 25% of its genes from inbred line PH4CV in the second breeding cycle, 12.5% of its genes from inbred line PH4CV in the third breeding cycle and so on. However, in each case the use of PH4CV provides a substantial benefit. The linkage groups of PH4CV would be retained in the progeny lines, and since current estimates of the maize genome size is about 50,000-80,000 genes (Xiaowu, Gai et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 1, 94-96), in addition to non-coding DNA that impacts gene expression, it provides a significant advantage to use PH4CV as starting material to produce a line that retains desired genetics or traits of PH4CV.
Another embodiment of this invention is the method of obtaining a substantially homozygous PH4CV progeny plant by obtaining a seed from the cross of PH4CV and another maize plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1 seed or F1 plant or to any successive filial generation. Such methods decrease the number of generations required to produce an inbred with similar genetics or characteristics to PH4CV. See Bernardo, R. and Kahler, A. L., Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992, 2001.
家园 【翻译】发明进一步的具体表征 - 续 发明进一步的具体表征（Further Embodiments of the Invention ） 续
A further embodiment of the invention is a single gene conversion of PH4CV. A single gene conversion occurs when DNA sequences are introduced through traditional (non-transformation) breeding techniques, such as backcrossing (Hallauer et al, 1988). DNA sequences, whether naturally occurring or transgenes, may be introduced using these traditional breeding techniques. The term single gene conversion is also referred to in the art as a single locus conversion. Reference is made to US 2002/0062506A1 for a detailed discussion of single locus conversions and traits that may be incorporated into PH4CV through single gene conversion. Desired traits transferred through this process include, but are not limited to, waxy starch, nutritional enhancements, industrial enhancements, disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance and yield enhancements. The trait of interest is transferred from the donor parent to the recurrent parent, in this case, the maize plant disclosed herein. Single gene traits may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele, such as the waxy starch characteristic, requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the gene of interest. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype of the recurrent parent.
It should be understood that occasionally additional polynucleotide sequences or genes are transferred along with the single gene conversion trait of interest. A progeny comprising at least 98%, 99%, 99.5% and 99.9% of the genes from the recurrent parent, the maize line disclosed herein, plus containing the single gene conversion trait or traits of interest, is considered to be a single gene conversion of inbred line PH4CV.
It should be understood that the inbred could, through routine manipulation by detasseling, cytoplasmic genes, nuclear genes, or other factors, be produced in a male-sterile form. Such embodiments are also within the scope of the present claims. The term manipulated to be male sterile refers to the use of any available techniques to produce a male sterile version of maize line PH4CV. The male sterility may be either partial or complete male sterility.
This invention is also directed to the use of PH4CV in tissue culture. As used herein, the term plant includes plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which maize plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk and the like. As used herein, phrases such as “growing the seed” or “grown from the seed” include embryo rescue, isolation of cells from seed for use in tissue culture, as well as traditional growing methods.
Duncan, Williams, Zehr, and Widholm, Planta (1985)165:322-332 reflects that 97% of the plants cultured that produced callus were capable of plant regeneration. Subsequent experiments with both inbreds and hybrids produced 91% regenerable callus that produced plants. In a further study in 1988, Songstad, Duncan & Widholm in Plant Cell Reports (1988), 7:262-265 reports several media additions that enhance regenerability of callus of two inbred lines. Other published reports also indicated that “nontraditional” tissues are capable of producing somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. K. P. Rao, et al., Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, 60:64-65 (1986), refers to somatic embryogenesis from glume callus cultures and B. V. Conger, et al., Plant Cell Reports, 6:345-347 (1987) indicates somatic embryogenesis from the tissue cultures of maize leaf segments. Thus, it is clear from the literature that the state of the art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are, and were, “conventional” in the sense that they are routinely used and have a very high rate of success.
Tissue culture of maize, including tassel/anther culture, is described in U.S. 2002/0062506A1 and European Patent Application, publication 160,390, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Maize tissue culture procedures are also described in Green and Rhodes, “Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture of Maize,” Maize for Biological Research (Plant Molecular Biology Association, Charlottesville, Va. 1982, at 367-372) and in Duncan, et al., “The Production of Callus Capable of Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Numerous Zea Mays Genotypes,” 165 Planta 322-332 (1985). Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells, which upon growth and differentiation produce maize plants having the genotype and/or physiological and morphological characteristics of inbred line PH4CV.
The utility of inbred maize line PH4CV also extends to crosses with other species. Commonly, suitable species will be of the family Graminaceae, and especially of the genera Zea, Tripsacum, Coix, Schlerachne, Polytoca, Chionachne , and Trilobachne , of the tribe Maydeae. Potentially suitable for crosses with PH4CV may be the various varieties of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed the isolation and characterization of genetic elements with specific functions, such as encoding specific protein products. Scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and express foreign genetic elements, or additional, or modifed versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species that are inserted into the genome using transformation are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes”. Over the last fifteen to twenty years several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention, in particular embodiments, also relates to transformed versions of the claimed inbred maize line PH4CV.
Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical, plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages 67-88 and Armstrong, “The First Decade of Maize Transformation: A Review and Future Perspective” (Maydica 44:101-109, 1999). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages 89-119. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,055, which is herein incorporated by reference.
The most prevalent types of plant transformation involve the construction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNA sequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linked to a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may contain one or more genes and one or more regulatory elements.
A genetic trait which has been engineered into a particular maize plant using transformation techniques, could be moved into another line using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move a transgene from a transformed maize plant to an elite inbred line and the resulting progeny would comprise a transgene. Also, if an inbred line was used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could be crossed to a different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybrid maize plant. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple X by Y cross, or the process of backcrossing, depending on the context.
Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include but are not limited to genes; coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specific promoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,055, which is herein incorporated by reference.
With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants, which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods, which are discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr, Anal. Biochem. 114: 92-6 (1981).
According to a preferred embodiment, the transgenic plant provided for commercial production of foreign protein is maize. In another preferred embodiment, the biomass of interest is seed. A genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis, and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP), which identify the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see Glick and Thompson, METHODS IN PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 269-284 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993).
Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphorsms in the Human Genome”, Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998, and similar capabilities will soon be available for the corn genome. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants, to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques. SNP's may also be used alone or in combination with other techniques.
Likewise, by means of the present invention, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation of maize the expression of genes can be modulated to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, agronomic traits as well as grain quality traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to maize as well as non-native DNA sequences can be transformed into maize and used to modulate levels of native or non-native proteins. Anti-sense technology, various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the maize genome for the purpose of modulating the expression of proteins. Exemplary transgenes implicated in this regard include, but are not limited to, those categorized below.
家园 【翻译】抗害虫或抗疾病转基因 抗害虫或抗疾病转基因（Transgenes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and that Encode）
Transgenes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and that Encode:
(A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al., Science 266: 789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum ); Martin et al., Science 262: 1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinos et al., Cell 78: 1089 (1994) ( Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae ).
(B) A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., Gene 48: 109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other examples of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenes being genetically engineered are given in the following patents and hereby are incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; and WO 97/40162.
(C) A lectin. See, for example, the disclosure by Van Damme et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24: 25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniata mannose-binding lectin genes.
(D) A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See PCT application US93/06487 the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests.
(E) An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262: 16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor), Huub et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I), and Sumitani et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57: 1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of Streptomyces nitrosporeus α-amylase inhibitor) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,813.
(F) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al., Nature 344: 458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.
(G) An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide, which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan, J. Biol. Chem. 269: 9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor), and Pratt et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 163: 1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified in Diploptera puntata ). See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., who disclose genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins.
(H) An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see Pang et al., Gene 116: 165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide.
(I) An enzyme responsible for an hyperaccumulation of a monterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.
(J) An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT application WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also Kramer et al., Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 23: 691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hookworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene.
(K) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24: 757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess et al., Plant Physiol. 104: 1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone.
(L) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT application WO95/16776 (disclosure of peptide derivatives of Tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT application WO95/18855 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance), the respective contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
(M) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure by Jaynes et al., Plant Sci. 89: 43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-βlytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum.
(N) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 28: 451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.
(O) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. Cf. Taylor et al., Abstract #497, SEVENTH INT'L SYMPOSIUM ON MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments).
(P) A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., Nature 366: 469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack.
(Q) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo α-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See Lamb et al., Bio/Technology 10: 1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene whichencodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart et al., Plant J. 2: 367 (1992).
(R) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann et al., Bio/Technology 10: 305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease.
(S) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes. Briggs, S., Current Biology, 5(2) (1995).
(T) Antifungal genes (Cornelissen and Melchers, Pl. Physiol. 101:709-712, (1993) and Parijs et al., Planta 183:258-264, (1991) and Bushnell et al., Can. J. of Plant Path. 20(2):137-149 (1998).
家园 【翻译】耐除草药剂的转基因 耐除草药剂的转基因(Transgenes that Confer Resistance to a Herbicide)
Transgenes that Confer Resistance to a Herbicide, for Example:
(A)A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al., EMBO J. 7: 1241 (1988), and Miki et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 80: 449 (1990), respectively. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; and international publication WO 96/33270, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
(B) Glyphosate (resistance imparted by mutant 5-enolpyruvl-3-phosphikimate synthase (EPSP), and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS, which can confer glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 to Barry et al. also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,248,876 B1; 6,040,497; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835; 5,866,775; 6,225,114 B1; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061; 5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,288; and international publications WO 97/04103; WO 97/04114; WO 00/66746; WO 01/66704; WO 00/66747 and WO 00/66748, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Glyphosate resistance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxidoreductase enzyme as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In addition glyphosate resistance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, U.S. Application Ser. Nos. 60/244,385; 60/377,175 and 60/377,719.
A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. European patent application No. 0 333 033 to Kumada et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al. disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European patent No. 0 242 246 and 0 242 236 to Leemans et al. De Greef et al., Bio/Technology 7: 61 (1989), describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,213; 5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265; 5,919,675; 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 6,177,616 B1; and 5,879,903, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 83: 435 (1992).
(C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibilla et al., Plant Cell 3: 169 (1991), describe the transformation of Chlamydomonas with plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441 and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al, Biochem. J. 285: 173 (1992).
(D) Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants (see, e.g., Hattori et al. (1995) Mol Gen Genet 246:419). Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include: a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al. (1994) Plant PhysiolPlant Physiol 106:17), genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono et al. (1995) Plant Cell Physiol 36:1687, and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al. (1992) Plant Mol Biol 20:619).
(E) Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306 B1; 6,282,837 B1; and 5,767,373; and international publication WO 01/12825, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties of all purposes.
家园 【翻译】具有附加值的转基因 具有附加值的转基因(Transgenes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait)
Transgenes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait, Such as:
(A) Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by transforming a plant with an antisense gene of steary-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See Knultzon et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 2624 (1992).
(B) Decreased phytate content
o (1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al., Gene 127: 87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of an Aspergillus niger phytase gene.
o (2) A gene could be introduced that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished, by cloning and then re-introducing DNA associated with the single allele which is responsible for maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al., Maydica 35: 383 (1990).
(C) Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by transforming plants with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al., J. Bacteriol. 170: 810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus mutans fructosyltransferase gene), Steinmetz et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 200: 220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene), Pen et al., Bio/Technology 10: 292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that express Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase), Elliot et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes), Sφgaard et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268: 22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene), and Fisher et al., Plant Physiol. 102: 1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II).
(D) Elevated oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreased linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947; 6,323,392; and WO 93/11245).
家园 【翻译】控制雄性不育的转基因 控制雄性不育的转基因(Genes that Control Male-Sterility)
(A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237).
(B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO 92/13957).
(C) Introduction of the bamase and the barstar gene (Paul et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 19:611-622, 1992).
家园 【原文】INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
Maize is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption of maize kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The principal products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The maize wet-milling industry can provide maize starch, maize syrups, and dextrose for food use. Maize oil is recovered from maize germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries.
Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry.
Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch in the wet-milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry. The industrial applications of maize starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications.
Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: for example, stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal.
The seed of inbred maize line PH4CV, the plant produced from the inbred seed, the hybrid maize plant produced from the crossing of the inbred, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid maize plant and transgenic versions of the foregoing, can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry.
家园 译：工业适用性 工业适用性（INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY ）
Maize is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption of maize kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The principal products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The maize wet-milling industry can provide maize starch, maize syrups, and dextrose for food use. Maize oil is recovered from maize germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries.
玉米被用于人类食物、牲畜饲料、和工业原材料。玉米的食用用途，除了玉米粒供人类食用以外，还包括干磨和湿磨制品。主要的玉米干磨制品包括玉米渣（cha）子、玉米片粥、以及面粉。玉米湿磨业则提供玉米芡粉、玉米糖浆、和食用葡萄糖。玉米油作为干磨和湿磨工业的副产品，则来自于玉米胚芽。
【译者注】由于生活习惯差异，对于文章提到的几种食物我作一下说明。我把grits 译作玉米渣（cha）子，是因为我吃过的一种类似于玉米渣子的东西就叫 grits，可以在美国的超市里买到，例如 WholeFoods。这种东西用热水冲泡后即可食用，冲开后很像北大食堂早饭卖的玉米粥（大桶装，以前农园有卖的，N年前的价格是一毛钱一勺）。
我把 meal 译作玉米片粥有待商榷。Meal 是一个范围较广的一般指代词，译作“一餐”即可。但是在这里特定的语境下，玉米片粥是一种可能的译法选择。这是美国人早饭常吃的一种东西，就是一片片黄黄的玉米片，用热水冲开后即可食用。但这不是唯一的 corn meal。
美国有个很流行的早餐牌子叫“贵格”。大家可以去该公司的网站查“grits”以及“corn meal”，就明白它们是什么样子的了。公司网站在这里。grits的网页在这里。一种含玉米的早餐， corn bran cereal，的网页在这里。西西河里的唵啊吽兄曾有专文介绍这个牌子背后的历史与文化：【原创】为什么贵格教燕麦粥格外可口
（突然发现我在插播小广告，汗一个先。。。）
corn starch直译为“玉米淀粉”，我译作“玉米芡粉”，因为在美国超市，盒装的 corn starch就是和中国的芡粉一模一样。不过我做饭一般用菱粉，因为口感还是有些不一样（也可能纯粹是心理暗示）。
玉米面粉（flour）的用途包括 corn tortilla，就是一种面饼，看起来像四川小吃里的锅盔，是墨西哥人的主食。美国有个快餐连锁店叫Taco Bell。这个 Taco 就是一种经油炸脆化的玉米面饼，用来裹着其他食物（蔬菜、肉末）一起吃。
玉米糖浆（corn syrup）看起来类似于止咳糖浆，就像川贝枇杷膏一样，不过要稀一些（又是软广告，汗一个）。美国人早饭吃 pancake的时候浇在上面，不过这是比较廉价的替代品。我个人认为蜂蜜更好。
美国有些网站可以提供网上购买蔬菜什么的。大家要对美国人日常吃的东西有个直观了解（木片片木真相），可以从网上看照片。例如搜 online grocery 的关键词可以找到 www.yourgrocer.com。
玉米胚芽我没有直观感受，等待网友补充。
Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry.
玉米的谷粒和非谷粒部分也被广泛地用作牲畜饲料，主要是用于喂养肉牛、奶牛、猪、以及家禽。
【译者注】根据《食品公司》（Food Inc.）这部纪录片的说法，牛天然是吃草的。强行改变它的食物结构（从草变为玉米），会导致细菌在它的消化系统里大量繁殖。（忘了细菌的名字了。）而把吃玉米的牛改回为吃草后，五天之内细菌数量就下降80%。
所以如果哪家餐馆炫耀自己的牛肉是“美国玉米”喂养的，那就是自己打脸了--崇洋媚外也是需要技术含量滴。吃草放养的有机牛才是美国有钱人追求的王道。所以中国人要珍惜自己的养殖传统，不要听到“美国”二字就两眼放光。
Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch in the wet-milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry. The industrial applications of maize starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications.
玉米的工业用途包括制备乙醇、湿磨工业生产的玉米淀粉、以及干磨工业生产的玉米面粉。玉米淀粉和面粉的工业应用基于它们的功能性质，例如粘稠度、形成薄膜的能力、胶着性和悬浮颗粒的能力。玉米淀粉和面粉在造纸业和纺织业里也有应用。其他工业用途包括制备胶粘剂、建筑材料、铸造模具、洗涤用淀粉（浆洗）、爆炸物、油井封泥、以及其他矿业应用。
Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: for example, stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal.
玉米的非谷粒部分也在工业中有应用：例如，玉米秆和玉米苞叶被用于制纸和人造壁板，玉米棒子被用做燃料和制备焦炭。
The seed of inbred maize line PH4CV, the plant produced from the inbred seed, the hybrid maize plant produced from the crossing of the inbred, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid maize plant and transgenic versions of the foregoing, can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry.
自交玉米系 PH4CV的种子、从这种种子产生的植株、通过与该自交系杂交而获得的杂交玉米、杂交种子，还有从杂交玉米和上述各物的转基因版本得到的各种成分，能被用做人类食物、牲畜饲料和工业原料。
【译者注】这一段话我翻译得有点绕，主要是专利说明要面面俱到，不给后来人留下任何机会。原文的大致意思是“PH4CV即可以用于杂交，也可用于转基因。它自己本身，以及通过把它杂交或者把它用于转基因产生的各种衍生物能够被用作人类食物、牲畜饲料和工业原料。”注意这段话本身并未说明PH4CV自己本身使用了转基因技术。
本帖一共被 2 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)
家园 【翻译】PH４CV性能实例 PH４CV性能实例（PERFORMANCE EXAMPLES OF PH4CV）
In the examples that follow, data from traits and characteristics of inbred maize line PH4CV per se and in a hybrid are given and compared to other maize inbred lines and hybrids.
家园 【翻译】自交系比较 自交系比较(Inbred Comparisons)
The results in Table 2A compare inbred PH4CV to inbred PHBE2. The results show inbred PH4CV produced significantly higher yield. Inbred PH4CV demonstrated significantly higher cold test scores than PHBE2. Inbred PH4CV also demonstrated significantly better Gray Leaf Spot tolerance scores and Southern Leaf Blight tolerance scores than PHBE2.
The results in Table 2B compare inbred PH4CV to inbred PHR03. The results show inbred PH4CV produced significantly higher yield and significantly lower harvest moisture of grain. Inbred PH4CV also showed significantly better early stand count scores, Gray Leaf Spot tolerance scores, and Southern Leaf Blight tolerance scores than PHR03.
The results in Table 2C compare inbred PH4CV to inbred PH1BC. The results show inbred PH4CV had significantly shorter plant height. Inbred PH4CV demonstrated significantly better scores for Southern Leaf Blight tolerance and Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex resistance than PH1BC.
The results in Table 2D compare PH4CV to inbred PH2EJ. The results show inbred PH4CV produced significantly higher yield. Inbred PH4CV also demonstrated significantly better scores than PH2EJ for early growth, stay green, Gray Leaf Spot tolerance, and Southern Leaf Blight tolerance.
家园 【翻译】杂交系比较 杂交系比较(Hybrid Comparisons)
The results in Table 3A compare a hybrid in which inbred PH4CV is a parent and a second hybrid, 33J56. The results show that the hybrid containing PH4CV produced significantly higher yield. The hybrid containing PH4CV grew to a significantly shorter plant height and had significantly lower placement of the ear than 33J56. The hybrid containing PH4CV also demonstrated significantly better scores than 33J56 for stay green and Fusarium ear rot tolerance. The hybrid containing PH4CV also had significantly less stalk lodging than 33J56.
The results in Table 3B compare a hybrid in which inbred PH4CV is a parent and a second hybrid, 3335. The results show that the hybrid containing PH4CV produced significantly higher yield.
The results in Table 3C compare a hybrid in which inbred PH4CV is a parent and a second hybrid, 3245. The results show that the hybrid containing PH4CV produced significantly higher yield. The hybrid containing PH4CV grew to a significantly shorter plant than hybrid 3245. The hybrid containing PH4CV also had significantly better stay green scores than 3245.
The results in Table 3D compare a hybrid in which inbred PH4CV is a parent and a second hybrid, 32H58. The results show that the hybrid containing PH4CV produced significantly higher yield. The hybrid containing PH4CV also demonstrated significantly better scores than 32H58 for stay green, Southern Leaf Blight tolerance, husk cover and stalk lodging.
The results in Table 3E compare a hybrid in which inbred PH4CV is a parent and a second hybrid, 31G98. The results show that the hybrid containing PH4CV grew to a significantly shorter plant height and had significantly lower placement of the ear than hybrid 31G98. The comparison also showed that the PH4CV-containing hybrid had significantly less stalk lodging and brittle snap than 31G98. The hybrid containing PH4CV also demonstrated significantly better scores than hybrid 31G98 for husk cover, Southern Leaf Blight tolerance and Fusarium ear rot tolerance.