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主题:$30让CNN破产? -- bigbug

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家园 不是个好主意

Short answer: NO。

理由:有点复杂,没兴趣者请止步。

1) Standing?

不管你在哪个法院(或者法庭)起诉,必须首先要有Standing, 即必须满足以下三要件,否则法院将驳回诉讼:

a.Injury in fact:Concrete & particular

法律权益必须受到实质性的、特定性的损害。

b.traceability - causation。injury in fact is caused by conduct of the defendant.

损害由被告人行为引起.

c.redressability: a ruling by the court can redress the injury in fact

法院裁决能够事实上救济原告的损害。

结论:提起诉讼的人不容易证明能够满足以上三个条件。因此法庭很可能直接驳加诉讼。

2)程序上不可行

a.如果是数目有限的人在不同的地方分别提起诉讼,则CNN甚至不必劳驾其庞大的法律部,只需拿出一点点钱在当地请个三流律师就能解决问题了;

b.如果提起此类诉讼的人数众多,则CNN可以申请法院裁定进行集团诉讼,其要件为

(A)Numerosity: The class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable.

人数众多以至于将所有人加入到一般共同诉讼不现实。

(B)Commonality: Questions of law or fact common to the class。

涉及相同的法律或事实问题。

(C)Typicality: The claims and defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims and defenses of the class。

诉讼代表人的主张和被告的抗辩具有代表性。

(D)Representativeness: The reprentative named in the class action fairly and adequately protect the interest of the class。

诉讼代表人公平而且充分地保护集团的利益。

以上四要件都符合,therefore the court is likely to grant CNN's motion to class action (因此法院很可能会准予CNN的集团诉讼请求)。法院这样做合乎司法效率原则。

那么,由于集团诉讼优于其它公平有效的司法途径

a class action is superior to other available, fair, and efficient methods of adjudication

一旦法院准予集团诉讼,所有未决的小额诉讼必须中止或者移转

Once the class action is granted, all smal claim lawsuits must stay or be removed to competent jurisdiction,i.e. the court where the class action is pending.

下一步,CNN为争取对自己的有利的结果,很可能会主张其right to jury, 请求此案由陪审团审理。而且,不排除CNN同时提出反诉(couterclaim)的可能。真的到了这个地步,遍布各地的的小额诉讼人如何组织、由谁作代表、诉讼费用的筹集及败诉后可能面临的赔偿的分担将成为大问题。既便CNN败诉,它还可以选择上诉,将这个诉讼一直打下去,演变成持久战,我认为没有人能够拖得起。

3)实体法上我们也未必有必胜的把握。这里主要涉及两个问题:侵权与宪法第一修正案。

a. Defamation, specifically slander.这是我们能够提起诉讼的最有力的法律基础了。Slander 是指伤害性的陈述

Slander is a harmful statement in a transitory form, especially speech, which requires publication.

但是,既便该陈述是贬损性的,在某些情况下亦为法律所许可

Even if a statement is derogatory, there are circumstances in which such statements are permissible in law

比如个人意见或者陈述对个人名誉不构成伤害

(A)“意见”构成对defamation的有效抗辩。

If the allegedly defamatory assertion is an expression of opinion rather than a statement of fact, defamation claims usually cannot be brought because opinions are inherently not falsifiable

(B)对个人名誉无损的陈述

An insulting statement that does not actually harm someone's reputation is prima facie not libelous.

b. 宪法第一修正案,具体来说“言论自由”First Amendment,specifically freedeom of speech

言论自由的判例多如牛毛,如果展开,没有几万字是说不清的。我只里只讲现状,即:由于第一修正案,相较欧洲和其它英联邦国家,美国侵权法对名誉权的保护并不十分有利于原告。

Defamation law in the United States is much less plaintiff-friendly than its counterparts in European and the Commonwealth countries, due to the enforcement of the First Amendment。

一个经典的案例就是Brandenburg v. Ohio.此案中,KKK在俄亥俄州地区的领袖Brandenburg因在一个三K党的集会上大肆散布种族主义言论而被俄亥俄州定罪。美国最高法院判定:言论自由不受限制,除非该言论极可能刺激、煸动即时的非法活动

US government could restrict free speech only if it was likely to incite imminent lawless action

详情请参见

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