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How Serfs Suffered Forced Labor in Old Tibet

Fifty years ago, the Tibetan society comprised serfs and slaves (referred to as serfs), who constituted 95 percent of Tibet's total population, and the three kinds of manor lords (referred to as serf owners), who constituted 5% of the total population. The three manor lords were officials (of the local government), feudal lords and the upper stratum of the clergy. They owned all land in Tibet (including farmland, grassland, forests, mountains, rivers, river beaches and wasteland), serfs attached to land, and most livestock. In land distribution, the former Tibetan local government directly managed 40 percent of all land, and feudal lords and monasteries owned 30 percent each, whereas serfs basically had nothing. A folk song in Tibet sings: "Wherever rays of the sun reach, that is land belonging to the lord; wherever the water flows, that is land belonging to the lord; and wherever mountain shadows cast, that is land belonging to the lord. The serf does not own a piece of land the size of a sole. What he takes away is nothing but his own shadow." This landowning system inevitably led to economic exploitation of the serfs by serf owners. A principal form of such exploitation is corvee labor called wula in Tibetan.

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